Neither single, nor in a couple. A study of living apart together in France

Among living arrangements, living apart together relationships arouse curiosity on the part of sociologists, demographers and even the media. From a scientific point of view, how have noncohabiting relationships evolved in recent decades? How can we recognise these relationships, and who are the populations concerned? The present study provides an overall view into noncohabiting relationships in France, shedding light on the characteristics of both the individuals concerned and their relationships. There has been no recent increase in the prevalence of this living arrangement. It competes with cohabiting relationships both among students and among people with cohabiting children. Four main groups of living apart relationships are described: "Young adults", "Out of a family", "Seniors." The reasons for living apart as well as future intentions vary considerably across these groups.cohabitation, Generations and Gender Survey (GGS), intimate relationship, living apart together (LAT), living arrangements, typology

Pratiques nouvelles en conception industrielle: adaptation des acteurs, des objets médiateurs et des modalités de travail.

Une intervention in situ de deux mois au sein d’une équipe de conception de produits industriels (designers, dessinateurs), construite sur les méthodologies et théories de l’approche ergonomique « compréhensive », interroge les pratiques nouvelles de ces métiers depuis l’avènement de la CAO. Les « objets médiateurs » sont considérés selon leurs apports respectifs et complémentaires et non plus selon une approche dichotomique, et leur étude structure l’ensemble du recueil des données. Une méthodologie de traitement et d’analyse des informations récoltées est présentée (approche chronologique et analyses « verticales » sur base de lignes du temps). Celle-ci nous permet de tracer les nombreuses adaptations dont font preuve les acteurs tout au long de leur processus: adaptations de leurs outils et représentations, de leurs modalités de travail individuelles ou collaboratives, adaptations et développement de nouvelles compétences

A Thermal Plume Model for the Martian Convective Boundary Layer

The Martian Planetary Boundary Layer [PBL] is a crucial component of the Martian climate system. Global Climate Models [GCMs] and Mesoscale Models [MMs] lack the resolution to predict PBL mixing which is therefore parameterized. Here we propose to adapt the "thermal plume" model, recently developed for Earth climate modeling, to Martian GCMs, MMs, and single-column models. The aim of this physically-based parameterization is to represent the effect of organized turbulent structures (updrafts and downdrafts) on the daytime PBL transport, as it is resolved in Large-Eddy Simulations [LESs]. We find that the terrestrial thermal plume model needs to be modified to satisfyingly account for deep turbulent plumes found in the Martian convective PBL. Our Martian thermal plume model qualitatively and quantitatively reproduces the thermal structure of the daytime PBL on Mars: superadiabatic near-surface layer, mixing layer, and overshoot region at PBL top. This model is coupled to surface layer parameterizations taking into account stability and turbulent gustiness to calculate surface-atmosphere fluxes. Those new parameterizations for the surface and mixed layers are validated against near-surface lander measurements. Using a thermal plume model moreover enables a first order estimation of key turbulent quantities (e.g. PBL height, convective plume velocity) in Martian GCMs and MMs without having to run costly LESs.Comment: 53 pages, 21 figures, paper + appendix. Accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research - Planet

Two-dimensional flows of foam: drag exerted on circular obstacles and dissipation

A Stokes experiment for foams is proposed. It consists in a two-dimensional flow of a foam, confined between a water subphase and a top plate, around a fixed circular obstacle. We present systematic measurements of the drag exerted by the flowing foam on the obstacle, \emph{versus} various separately controlled parameters: flow rate, bubble volume, solution viscosity, obstacle size and boundary conditions. We separate the drag into two contributions, an elastic one (yield drag) at vanishing flow rate, and a fluid one (viscous coefficient) increasing with flow rate. We quantify the influence of each control parameter on the drag. The results exhibit in particular a power-law dependence of the drag as a function of the solution viscosity and the flow rate with two different exponents. Moreover, we show that the drag decreases with bubble size, increases with obstacle size, and that the effect of boundary conditions is small. Measurements of the streamwise pressure gradient, associated to the dissipation along the flow of foam, are also presented: they show no dependence on the presence of an obstacle, and pressure gradient depends on flow rate, bubble volume and solution viscosity with three independent power laws.Comment: 23 pages, 13 figures, proceeding of Eufoam 2004 conferenc

Sound pleasantness evaluation of pedestrian walks in urban sound environments

ICA 2016, 22nd International Congress on Acoustics, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINE, 05-/09/2016 - 09/09/2016The health benefits of a daily physical activity, and of walking in particular, are widely acknowledged. However, walking in urban environment inevitably leads to an increased exposure to noise, which forms a drawback of choosing this transportation mode. Being able to estimate the sound pleasantness associated with an urban walk trip has many potential applications, such as informing pedestrians about the sound along their intended walk, which may help them to optimize their route choice. In the past decade, various studies have focused on characterizing and estimating the sound pleasantness perceived at specific locations, on the basis of perceptive and physical measurements. However, to estimate the sound pleasantness along an urban walking trip, an additional step is required, which consists of assessing how a pedestrian evaluates the overall pleasantness of a sound environment that varies along the walking trip. In this work, the results of two laboratory experiments and one field experiment are discussed, which were designed to assess the overall evaluation of the sound environment along an urban walk. Physical and perceptive measurements at specified positions or continuously along a series of tested routes are available, in addition to a global evaluation of the route. A comparison between the results of the three experiments provides a rich source of information to understand how the sound pleasantness of a pedestrian walk is evaluated. The main conclusion is that for short walks (of about 1 minute), a recency effect is observed, which tends to disappear when the duration of the walk increases

Trilobite faunal dynamics on the Devonian continental shelves of the Ardenne Massif and Boulonnais (France, Belgium)

During the Devonian the sedimentation on the continental shelves of Ardenne Massif and Boulonnais has changed from a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate ramp (Eifelian), through a carbonate barrier reef (Givetian) and then to a detritic influx with local mud-mounds (Frasnian). Here we analysed the faunistic dynamics of the trilobite associations through the changing environment. We used multivariate analyses (clustering and ordering) to discriminate the trilobite associations within 67 different samples. Three previously known communities and one new were recognised: the Eifelian Mixed association, the Givetian Dechenella association and the two Frasnian Bradocryphaeus and Scutellum-Goldius associations. These trilobite faunas present a progressive ecological specialisation. The Mixed association occurs both in the ramp or carbonated (local reef developed on the ramp) facies without any significant difference in its composition. The Dechenella fauna occurs preferentially close to barrier reefs, but can also survive during short periods of detrital input. The two Frasnian communities show a strong relationship with their environment. The Scutellum-Goldius association is only found in reef systems, whereas the Bradocryphaeus flourishes exclusively in lateral facies.Fil: Bignon, Arnaud Marcel Jacques. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Crônier, Catherine. Universite Lille 3; Franci

Comparison of noise indicators in an urban context

Inter-Noise 2016, 45th International Congress and Exposition of Noise Control Engineering, HAMBOURG, ALLEMAGNE, 21-/08/2016 - 24/08/2016Noise is a major environmental issue, which gave birth in the last decades to the development of many engineering methods dedicated to both its estimation and mitigation. The specificity of the noise pollution problem lies in the complexity of human hearing and subjective assessment, and in the high spatiotemporal variation and rich spectral content of the noise generated by a wide variety of sources in urban context. Indicators that encompass all these dimensions are required for the description of sound environments and for the evaluation of noise mitigation strategies. This paper compares usual and more specific indicators, dedicated to environmental noise analyses, by means of a literature review. The comparison is based on the three following criteria: i) the ability of indicators to describe and physically categorize the urban sound environments, ii) the relevance of indicators for describing the perceptive appreciations of urban sound environments, iii) the ability of indicators to be estimated through classical or more advanced traffic noise estimation models. A discussion compares the pro and cons of the selected indicators in an operational scop

La conquête du confort - L’histoire des Parisiens nés entre 1920 et 1950

The history of comfort in France has mainly been approached through censuses and remains relatively unknown. The INED’s biographical surveys of Parisians born between 1925 and 1950 make it possible to trace the spread of comfort over the course of the 20th century within generations and social classes. The generations born at the beginning of the century lived in narrow dwellings,  most often without sanitary facilities, and benefited from improved comfort very late. The generations born between 1925 and 1940, who experienced these same very difficult conditions during their childhood and early marriage, were able to gain access to comfort thanks to home ownership and social housing starting in the 1960s. The baby-boom generations grew up mostly in small dwellings without bathrooms but saw their housing conditions improve as their parents gained access to comfort. In addition to this generational effect, there is also a social class effect that prioritizes access to the comfort elements of inhabited housing. However, the post-war housing crisis was not an obstacle to the arrival of the baby boom. Résumé L’histoire du confort en France a surtout été abordée à partir des recensements et reste relativement peu connue. Les enquêtes biographiques de l’INED menées auprès des Parisiens nés entre 1925 et 1950 permettent de retracer la diffusion du confort qui s’est produite au cours du XXe siècle au sein des générations et des classes sociales. Les générations nées au début du siècle ont vécu dans des logements étroits le plus souvent sans sanitaires et profiteront très tard de l’amélioration du confort. Les générations nées entre 1925 et 1940 qui ont connu, durant leur enfance et le début de leur mariage, ces mêmes conditions très difficiles, ont pu accéder au confort grâce à la propriété et aux logements HLM à partir des années 1960. Les générations du baby-boom ont grandi pour la plupart dans des petits logements ne disposant pas de salle de bain mais ont vu leurs conditions de logement s’améliorer au fur et à mesure que leurs parents accédaient au confort. A cet effet de génération s’ajoute un effet de classe sociale qui hiérarchise l’accès aux éléments de confort des logements habités. Pour autant la crise du logement d’après-guerre n’a pas été un obstacle à l’arrivée du baby-boom

Influence of experimental conditions on sound pleasantness evaluations

ICA 2016, 22nd International Congress on Acoustics, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINE, 05-/09/2016 - 09/09/2016Being able to characterize and estimate the urban sound perception is a key point to improve the city dwellers environmental quality. In the past decade, various studies have focused on collecting perceived global sound pleasantness at specific locations. Some of them were carried out on field in order to evaluate the soundscape perception of the participants directly in their context. Other studies were realized in laboratory to better control the stimuli and to increase the number of participants who were subjected to the same sound environment. Most of the laboratory experiments are done in large or semi-anechoic chamber with calibrated and highly realistic audio reproduction in order to respect the ecological validity of the experiment. On one hand, even with a high immersive level, the laboratory context is not as rich as the field context and the two types of experiment could lead to different results. On the other hand, few studies exist showing the influence of decreasing ecological validity for the same experience. This work presents a short statistical analysis of perceptive evaluations of ten urban locations under 4 different test conditions. First, evaluations are carried out directly in-situ in the city of Paris. Then audio-visual recordings of these locations are evaluated in three different experimental conditions: (i) in a well-controlled acoustic laboratory in Paris region with French people, (ii) in an acoustic laboratory in Buenos Aires with Argentinean participants and lowest immersive conditions, (iii) in a habitational room with Argentinean participants and subjective calibration. The study reveals that both the 'country' factor and the experimental conditions in laboratory do not show any significant impact on the perceived sound pleasantness and perceived loudness assessments