Italian guidelines for primary headaches: 2012 revised version

The first edition of the Italian diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for primary headaches in adults was published in J Headache Pain 2(Suppl. 1):105–190 (2001). Ten years later, the guideline committee of the Italian Society for the Study of Headaches (SISC) decided it was time to update therapeutic guidelines. A literature search was carried out on Medline database, and all articles on primary headache treatments in English, German, French and Italian published from February 2001 to December 2011 were taken into account. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses were analysed for each drug. If RCT were lacking, open studies and case series were also examined. According to the previous edition, four levels of recommendation were defined on the basis of levels of evidence, scientific strength of evidence and clinical effectiveness. Recommendations for symptomatic and prophylactic treatment of migraine and cluster headache were therefore revised with respect to previous 2001 guidelines and a section was dedicated to non-pharmacological treatment. This article reports a summary of the revised version published in extenso in an Italian version

Intraspecific genetic variation of striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus L.) in the Mediterranean Sea assessed by allozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis

Allozyme analysis on 20 putative enzyme-coding loci and RAPD analysis on 154 markers, amplified by eight decamer random primers, were used to assess the genetic variation of striped red mullet, Mullus surmuletus L., collected from six locations in the Mediterranean Sea. Both methods were able to detect a high degree of genetic polymorphism. For both methods, estimates of variance of allele frequencies (F-ST), and chi(2) analyses, revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) among samples. Nei's genetic distance (D) among samples was low (mean D = 0.011 for allozymes; mean D = 0.018 for RAPDs) with data from both approaches revealing the sample from France to be most distinct from the Greek samples. Nevertheless, although most of the genetic variation in allozymes was not correlated with geographical distance, a correlation between genetic affinities and geographical area was found with RAPDs. It seems therefore that the RAPD method showed a more pronounced effect of isolation-by-distance in comparison with allozymes, probably because of the different number of markers of the red mullet genome examined with each method. Overall, the RAPD technique can be introduced as a complementary tool in the population genetics of marine fishes, providing supplementary information in their genetic stock structure analysis