A Comparison of Coping Strategies in Iranian Female Victims of Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence

AbstractIntroduction: Spouse abuse is defined as physical, sexual, and psychological-emotional violence committed by a spouse against his wife that is a widely variable phenomenon. The present study was conducted to compare coping strategies for stress in Iranian female victims of spouse abuse of different types in the city of Ilam.Methods: The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 150 females with an experience of spouse abuse during the one-year leading up to the study, selected through convenience sampling. The study tools included the World Health Organization Violence against Women instrument and the Endler and Parker Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-22 software.Results: All of the participants had experienced at least one type of psychological violence (100%). Some of them had also experienced physical (94%) and sexual (67.3%) violence in the past year. Emotion-focused strategies were the dominant style used by most of the females (48%) in coping with stress. Certain demographic variables, such as the couple›s low literacy, were associated with emotion-focused and avoidance coping strategies. The use of problem-focused strategies increased significantly with household size (r = 0.17 and P = 0.039). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that physical violence was associated with an increase in avoidance strategies and sexual and psychological violence with an increase in emotion-focused strategies. The results of the multivariate linear regression showed that only sexual violence could predict emotion-focused strategies (β = 0.216 and P = 0.01).Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of spouse abuse, teaching certain life skills, such as problem-solving and alternative problem-focused behaviors instead of focusing on emotion and stress could be effective in coping with stressful life situations, help improve interpersonal relationships, and prevent harm caused by violence

The Awareness and Attitude of, Midwives Working in Private Offices in Tehran Province, Iran Toward Abortion Laws and Related Factors

Abstract Introduction: Legal abortion is performed to prevent maternal and fetal disorders. Midwives' awareness and attitude toward abortion laws have undeniable effects on the decisions made by women with high-risk pregnancies. By recent study, The present study evaluated the awareness and attitudes of midwives working in private offices in Tehran Province, Iran, toward abortion laws and related factors. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done in 2016. A total of 236 midwives were selected from Tehran Province took simple random sampling. The data were collected took using a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire by items related to demographic characteristics, awareness, and attitude. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive tests (mean, standard deviation, confidence interval, frequency, and relative frequency) and linear regression analysis. Results: The midwives' mean scores of awareness and attitude were 57.7 ± 7.44 (95% CI: 56.61-58.54) and 99.08 ± 10.09 (95% CI: 97.83-100.38), respectively. Midwives' age (B = 0.21), work shifts in the midwifery office (B = 1.29), being a member of the Midwifery Learner Society (B = 3.05), and cooperating with local legal medicine centers (B = 3.63) were found to be the predictors of awareness scores. Gain experience in the midwifery office was the only predictor of midwives' attitude, i.e., every one-year increase in work experience decreased the scores of attitude by 1.61 points. Conclusions: The participating midwives had a moderate level of awareness, which was affected by different variables. Cooperating with local legal medicine centers had the most significant effect on improving midwives' awareness. Moreover, the midwives had low scores of attitude, and a few variables predicted their attitude

Relationship of Mothers’ Psychological Status with Development of Kindergarten Children

How to Cite This Article: Firoozeh Sajedi F, Ahmadi Doulabi M, Vameghi R, Mazaheri MA, Akbarzadeh Baghban AR. Relationship of Mothers’ Psychological Status with Development of Kindergarten Children. Iran J Child Neurol. Summer 2016; 10(3):61-72. AbstractObjectiveGiven the importance of children’s development and the role of psychological status of mothers in this regard, this study investigated the relationship of mothers’ psychological status (stress, anxiety and depression) with the development of children aged 36-60 months.Materials & MethodsThis descriptive study was performed on 1036 mothers and their children, aged 36 to 60 months, in different kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.Participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling. The following instruments were used in this study: A demographic and obstetric specification questionnaire, children specification questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, Spiel Berger Test, Perceived stress questionnaire and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire to determine the status of the children’s development.Data were analyzed using SPSS20 software, Mann-Whitney; independent t-test and logistic-Regression model were used.ResultsThe prevalence of developmental delay in children aged 36-60 months was 16.2%. The independent t-test showed a relationship between maternal stress and developmental delay in children. The Mann-Whitney test revealed a significant relation between mothers’ depression level and developmental delay in their children. There was a significant relation between trait anxiety and developmental delay in children. Moreover, a significant relation was found between maternal stress and developmental delay in fine motor skills.The logistic regression model showed a significant relationship of child gender, economic and social states with developmental delay.ConclusionThis study showed mothers’ psychological status probably is an effective factor in developmental delay. The assessment of mothers’ psychological status is suggested for early interventions. ReferencesIrwin LG, Siddiqi A, Hertzman C. Early child development: a powerful equalizer. Final report to the WHO Commission on social determinants of health, Geneva. 2007.Guralnick MJ. Early Intervention for Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2005;18(4):313-24.Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S. Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. 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Comparison of Developmental Status of Infants Less Than 24 Months Who Were Born from Mothers in High-Risk Age Groups

Abstract Introduction: Development in children is a qualitative change in their abilities. When children cannot acquire developmental skills according to age, it shows delayed development. Low and high maternal age during pregnancy is a kind of risk factor for developmental disorders in children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive comparative study that was performed on 400 women who had less than 19 and over 35 years old during pregnancy and now have 4-24-months infants that referred to health centers Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. Participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling. Data collection instruments were: A demographic, obstetric and the “Ages and Stages Questionnaires” for 4-24 months children. Data analysis was done by using the software SPSS 16, and independent t-test, chi-square and logistic-regression tests were used. Results: The prevalence of developmental delay in infants 4-24-months of mothers fewer than 19 and older than 35 years was 7 percent and 11 percent respectively. In mothers over 35 years old, all domains were higher than the others. In both groups of maternal age, the most delayed development was gross motor; the lowest prevalence of late event in a group of mothers less than 19 years was personal-social skills and in women over 35 years was problem-solving. Conclusions: Pregnancy in ages over 35 and less than 19 years are risk factors for the developmental delay of children and could be prevented by appropriate strategies and training

Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development

How to Cite This Article: Ahmadi Doulabi M, Sajedi F, Vameghi R, Mazaheri MA, Akbarzadeh Baghban AR. Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development. Iran J Child Neurol. Spring 2017; 11(2):13-25.AbstractObjectiveThere have been contradictory findings on the relationship between Socioeconomic Status (SES) and child development although SES is associated with child development outcomes. The present study intended to define the relationship between SES and child development in Tehran kindergartens, Iran.Materials & Methods This cross-sectional survey studied 1036 children aged 36-60 month, in different kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.The principal factor analysis (PFA) model was employed to construct SES indices. The constructed SES variable was employed as an independent variable in logistic regression model to evaluate its role in developmental delay as a dependent variable.Results The relationship between SES and developmental delay was significant at P=0.003. SES proved to have a significant (P<0.05) impact on developmental delay, both as an independent variable and after controlling risk factors.Conclusion There should be more emphasis on developmental monitoring and appropriate intervention programs for children to give them higher chance of having a more productive life.  1. Haghdoost AA. Complexity of the Socioeconomic Status and its Disparity as a Determinant of Health. Int J Prev 2012; 3(2):75. 2. Behavioral and social sciences research. Measuring Socioeconomic Status. e-Source 2013; Available from:http://www.esourceresearch.org 3. Bradley RH, Corwyn RF. Socioeconomic status and child development. 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Determinants of mental and motor development at 12 months in a low income population: a cohort study in northeast Brazil. Acta Paediatr 2004;93(7):969-75. 20. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardner JM, Lozoff B, Wasserman GA, Pollitt E, et al. Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. The lancet 2007;369(9556):145-57. 21. Guo G, Harris KM. The mechanisms mediating the effects of poverty on children’s intellectual development. Demography 2000;37(4):431-47. 22. Chilton M, Chyatte M, Breaux J. The negative effects of poverty & food insecurity on child development. Indian J Med Res 2007;126(4):262. 23. Miller JE. Developmental screening scores among preschoolaged children: The roles of poverty and child health. J Urban Health 1998;75(1):135-52. 24. Glascoe FP. Early detection of developmental and behavioral problems. Pediatr Rev 2000;21(8):272-80. 25. Rydz D, Srour M, Oskoui M, Marget N, Shiller M, Birnbaum R, et al. Screening for developmental delay in the setting of a community pediatric clinic: a prospective assessment of parent-report questionnaires. J Pediatr 2006;118(4):e1178-e86. 26. Glascoe F. Early detection of developmental and behavioral problems. Pediatr Rev 2000;21(8):272-80. 27. Sajedi F, Vameghi R, Habibollahi A, Lornejad H, Delavar B. Standardization and validation of the ASQ developmental disorders screening tool in children of Tehran city. Tehran Univ Med J 2012;70(7). 28. Shahshahani S, Vameghi R, Azari N, Sajedi F, Kazemnejad A. Validity and Reliability Determination of Denver Developmental Screening Test-II in 0-6 Year– Olds in Tehran. Iran J Pediatr 2010;20(3):313. 29. Afraz F, Ahmadi M, Sajedi F, Akbarzadeh bagheban A. Development Status of 4-24 Months Children Born to Teenage Mothers Referred to Health Care Centers in Yasuj, 2013. YUMSJ 2015;20(3):253-63. 30. Shahshahani S, Vameghi R, Azari N, Sajedi F, Kazemnejad A. 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The Relationship Between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Childbirth and Social Support and Marital Satisfaction

Background: Childbirth is among the most significant and pleasant events in a woman’s life. This event can be a traumatic event and a threat to the mother’s mental health. This study recognizes the relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after childbirth and social support and marital satisfaction.Methods: This Cross-sectional analytical study was performed on a sample of 400 mothers who had delivered at Shohadaye-15-Khordad Hospital in Varamin (in two groups with & without PTSD). The research instruments include the Demographic, Midwifery, Neonatal Factors checklist, Enrich Marital Satisfaction, Weinfeld and Tigman Social Support, and the PTSD Symptoms Scale. We used SPSS to analyze the descriptive and Pearson correlation and logistic regression data. A P<0.05 was considered significant.Results: The prevalence of PTDS in this study was equal to 16.8%. There was no significant correlation between the mean of the total score of PTSD in all dimensions with social support (P>0.05). Marital satisfaction significantly affected the probability of PTSD after childbirth (P=0.001). There was a significant correlation between PTSD total score and dimension of avoidance symptoms and infant gender (P=0.038). There was also a significant correlation between gestational age and avoidance symptoms (P=0.001) and type of nutrition feeding and motivational symptoms (P=0.041) of PTSD dimensions.Conclusion: According to the relationship between marital satisfaction and PTSD, it is recommended to design suitable interventions to improve the marital status and promptly diagnose the susceptible mothers to prevent the spread of this complication

Marital Satisfaction and Depression in Mothers of 3-4 Year Old Children with Developmental Delay in Comparison with Mothers of Normal Children

ObjectivesThe present study evaluated the depression and marital satisfaction in mothers of 36-48 months old children with developmental delay in comparison with mothers of normal children.Materials & MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed on 616 mothers and their children, aged 36 - 48 months, from Apr 2015 to Feb 2016, in some kindergartens in Tehran, Iran. Participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling. The children were divided according to the developmental status into two groups of normal development and developmental delay. The following instruments were used: A demographic and children specification questionnaire, marital satisfaction scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire.  The data were analyzed using SPSS16 software. Independent t-test and Pearson correlation were employed at significance level of 0.05.Results The mean age of children with developmental delay and normal development was 41.94±4.48 and 42.17±5.02 months, respectively. The prevalence of developmental delay in children aged 36-48 months was 17.4% and in normal development children was 82.6%. Developmental delay in boys was 23%. The highest incidence of developmental delays was in fine motor skills. Independent t-test revealed a significant difference between mothers' depression and marital satisfaction with and without developmental delays (P=0.0001). In addition, the correlation was observed between the mother’s depression and marital satisfaction (P=0.0001).ConclusionMothers of children with developmental delay suffer more from depression and have less marital satisfaction compared to mothers of healthy children. Interventional studies to reduce depression and increase marital satisfaction and its impact on development status should be conducted.Keywords: Depression; Developmental delay; Marital status; Satisfactio

The structural factors of social determinants of health on Iranian women's childbearing: a systematic review study

Introduction: Childbearing is an important phenomenon in demographic movements and the basis of sustainable development in countries with low replacement fertility rates. The present study was performed with aim to summarize the existing knowledge about the effectiveness of structural factors of social determinants of health on childbearing of Iranian women. Methods: In this systematic review, observational Persian and English studies published from 1/1/2010 to 23/1/2022 were included in the study. Studies were searched in Magiran, SID, Embase, google scholar, Scopus, web of science, and PubMed databases using related keywords including: Reproductive Behavior, Childbearing, Socioeconomic Factors, Ethnic Groups, Culture, Structural Determinants of Health and Iran. The Newcastle-Ottawa tool was used to evaluate the quality of the articles. Results: In this review study, 36 studies which met the inclusion criteria were included in the study, and health structural factors (education, income, occupation, ethnicity, and culture) on women's childbearing were examined. Women's childbearing is related to these structural factors of health. In this review study, the highest frequency was related to women's education; so that 18 articles showed the negative effect of education on childbearing. Conclusion: The results of the present systematic review showed the effect of structural social determinants of health (education, income, occupation, ethnicity, and culture) including women's education on childbearing. This confirms that if population policies can implement programs that make the mother's role compatible with the continuation of women's education after marriage, they can be much more effective

The Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Instrument (MPQOL-I): development and psychometric evaluation in an exploratory sequential mixed-method study

Abstract Background “ Postpartum quality of life” refers to women’s satisfaction of their position in life, based on cultural status, expectations, values, attitudes, goals, and living standards. Hence the need to pay attention to more specific dimensions of quality of life in the postpartum period is being sensed. This study was conducted to develop the Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Instrument (MPQOL-I) and assess its psychometric properties. Methods This methodological study was conducted in 2019–2020. This exploratory, sequential mixed-method study was conducted in two phases. The first phase is MPQOL-I development and the second phase is psychometric evaluation of the developed scale. In the quantitative (psychometric evaluation) phase, face, content, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity and reliability of the scale were tested. Results In this study, 5 factors were extracted from items through exploratory factor analysis: (1) received support, (2) sexual relations, (3) bonding with newborn, (4) breastfeeding and newborn care, and (5) the transition period. These factors accounted for 53.26% of the total variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis suggested the goodness-of-fit indices was acceptable. Furthermore, the internal consistency and composite reliability indices of factors were greater than 0.7. Conclusion The sixteen-item Persian language MPQOL-I is a valid and reliable instrument for postpartum quality of life assessment. It includes items from different aspects of postpartum quality of life and can be used for the early diagnosis of impaired postpartum quality of life. Further studies are needed to assess the psychometric properties of MPQOL-I in different cultures and communities

Social Determinant of Health, Maternal Involvement and Child Development: Direct and Mediated Path ways

Objectives In the process of child development, a variety of factors are at play. In this regard, social determinants of health play a determining role in the development and growth of the child. This study aimed to design and test the model for social determinants of health for the development of 36-6o-month-old children in Tehran with the mediation of maternal Involvement. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1067 mothers and their 36-60-month-old children in childcare centers in Tehran, using multistage sampling. Data gathering tools consisted of a demographic questionnaire for mothers and children, a questionnaire on unhealthy behaviors, Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Economic and Social Status Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, ENRICH: Marital Satisfaction Scale, and Participation Scale for Parents and Mothers. Results Model fit measures were suitable and goodness of fit (RMSEA = 0.031, GFI = 1) was satisfactory. In addition, the results of path analysis indicated that the participation of mothers in the development of children had a direct positive (ß = 0.089) and increasing effect. Conclusion Findings indicated that depression, anxiety, stress, and marital satisfaction have both direct and indirect effects on the participation of mothers and child development. Moreover, the model fit measures indicated the utility and high proportionality of the model, as well as the logic of the adjusted relationships of variables based on theconceptual model