The significance of cephalopod beaks as a research tool: An update

The use of cephalopod beaks in ecological and population dynamics studies has allowed major advances of our knowledge on the role of cephalopods in marine ecosystems in the last 60 years. Since the 1960’s, with the pioneering research by Malcolm Clarke and colleagues, cephalopod beaks (also named jaws or mandibles) have been described to species level and their measurements have been shown to be related to cephalopod body size and mass, which permitted important information to be obtained on numerous biological and ecological aspects of cephalopods in marine ecosystems. In the last decade, a range of new techniques has been applied to cephalopod beaks, permitting new kinds of insight into cephalopod biology and ecology. The workshop on cephalopod beaks of the Cephalopod International Advisory Council Conference (Sesimbra, Portugal) in 2022 aimed to review the most recent scientific developments in this field and to identify future challenges, particularly in relation to taxonomy, age, growth, chemical composition (i.e., DNA, proteomics, stable isotopes, trace elements) and physical (i.e., structural) analyses. In terms of taxonomy, new techniques (e.g., 3D geometric morphometrics) for identifying cephalopods from their beaks are being developed with promising results, although the need for experts and reference collections of cephalopod beaks will continue. The use of beak microstructure for age and growth studies has been validated. Stable isotope analyses on beaks have proven to be an excellent technique to get valuable information on the ecology of cephalopods (namely habitat and trophic position). Trace element analyses is also possible using beaks, where concentrations are significantly lower than in other tissues (e.g., muscle, digestive gland, gills). Extracting DNA from beaks was only possible in one study so far. Protein analyses can also be made using cephalopod beaks. Future challenges in research using cephalopod beaks are also discussed.Cephalopod International Advisory Counci

Internados y alteración del bienestar del pueblo mapuche la araucanía postreduccional en Chile 1881-1930

Funding text Por otra parte, el trabajo de campo también implicó revisión y análisis de fuentes primarias en fondos documentales del Archivo Nacional de Chile, Archivo Regional de la Araucanía (Temuko), Biblioteca Nacional de Chile (Santiago) y Biblioteca Galo Sepúlveda (Temuko), Archivo de las Hermanas Misioneras Franciscanas de Purulón, Archivo del Obispado de Villarrica, Archivo Fotográfico de la Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt y el Archivo de la Abadía de los Capuchinos en Altötting, estos últimos en Baviera, Alemania. La microfilmación de diversos fondos documentales incluyó decretos de los fondos de la Intendencia de Cautín y gobernaciones del periodo estudiado, comunicaciones recibidas, oficios despachados, telegramas e informes, libros, epistolarios. Asimismo, se revisó literatura especializada respecto de la relación entre enseñanza monocultural, mundo mapuche e instalación del Estado de Chile en la Frontera en el periodo post ocupación/invasión de la Araucanía histórica

Preliminary results on Octopus vulgaris juvenile and adult cold-water anaesthesia and euthanasia

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