What is the most effective method of pain reduction during intravenous cannulation in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis study

Introduction: Pain is one of the various outcomes of intravenous cannulation. There are various methods of pain reduction during intravenous cannulation. Still there is not any agreement about the most effective analgesic method. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determine the most effective method of pain reduction during intravenous cannulation in childrenn. Materials and methods: All previous relevant studies in the databases were reviewed using Cochrane protocol and sensitive and standard keywords such as pain, children and intravenous cannulation, from 1995 to 2013. The extraction and evaluation of studies were performed by two individuals. CONSORT checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. Samples homogeneity was assessed using the tau-square estimates. The random effects model was used to report the pooled average estimates for the most effective method on pain reduction during intravenous cannulation. Results: systematic review of 14409 studies determined that only 30 studies had the inclusion criteria. Nineteen studies were entered the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis study showed that EMLA was the most effective method in comparing control/ placebo among the other various ones. Among the treatments comparison, IontophoresisLidocaine was the most effective in compare with EMLA. Conclusion: EMLA cream was the most effective treatment in reducing the pain of intravenous cannulation. Although lidocaine injection methods such as Iontophoresis, as a new method, can produce more rapid, effective and satisfying pain reduction than other alternatives. © 2016, Semnan University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Effects of viscous dissipation and boundary conditions on forced convection in a channel occupied by a saturated porous medium

Forced convection with viscous dissipation in a parallel plate channel filled by a saturated porous medium is investigated numerically. Three different viscous dissipation models are examined. Two different sets of wall conditions are considered: isothermal and isoflux. Analytical expressions are also presented for the asymptotic temperature profile and the asymptotic Nusselt number. With isothermal walls, the Brinkman number significantly influences the developing Nusselt number but not the asymptotic one. At constant wall heat flux, both the developing and the asymptotic Nusselt numbers are affected by the value of the Brinkman number. The Nusselt number is sensitive to the porous medium shape factor under all conditions considered

Effects of viscous dissipation and boundary conditions on forced convection in a channel occupied by a saturated porous medium

Forced convection with viscous dissipation in a parallel plate channel filled by a saturated porous medium is investigated numerically. Three different viscous dissipation models are examined. Two different sets of wall conditions are considered: isothermal and isoflux. Analytical expressions are also presented for the asymptotic temperature profile and the asymptotic Nusselt number. With isothermal walls, the Brinkman number significantly influences the developing Nusselt number but not the asymptotic one. At constant wall heat flux, both the developing and the asymptotic Nusselt numbers are affected by the value of the Brinkman number. The Nusselt number is sensitive to the porous medium shape factor under all conditions considered

New System for the Acceleration of the Airflow in Wind Turbines

Background: This patent is based on the wind industry technology called Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines (DAWTs). This technology consists of a horizontal axis wind turbine, which is housed inside a duct with diverging section in the direction of the free air stream. In this paper, a review of preceding patents related to this technology is carried out. Objective: This paper presents an innovative patent to improve the performance of horizontal axis wind turbines. In particular, this system is aimed at improving the performance of those turbines that otherwise might not be installed due to the low wind resource existing at certain locations. Methods: The most innovative elements of this patent are: (1) the semi-spherical grooves, which are mechanized on the surface of the two diffusers in order to guarantee a more energetic boundary layer; (2) the coaxial diffuser, which is located downwind following the first diffuser in order to increase the suction effect on the air mass close to the inlet; (3) the coaxial rings located around the first diffuser outlet, which are used to deflect the external airflow toward the turbine wake; and (4), the selforientating system to orientate the system by the prevailing wind direction. Results: An application of the patent for increasing the power generated by a horizontal axis wind turbine with three blades is presented. The patent is designed and its performance is evaluated by using a Computational Fluid Dynamics code. The numerical results show that this system rises the airflow going through the rotor of the turbine. Conclusion: The patented device is an original contribution aimed at enabling a more profitable installation of wind turbines in places where the wind resource is insufficient because of the wind shear caused both by the proximity of the earth and the obstacles on the earth surface.This work was supported by the OASIS Research Project that was cofinanced by CDTI (Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry) and developed with the Spanish companies: Iridium, OHL Concesiones, Abertis, Sice, Indra, Dragados, OHL, Geocisa, GMV, Asfaltos Augusta, Hidrofersa, Eipsa, PyG, CPS, AEC and Torre de Comares Arquitectos S.L and 16 research centres. The authors also acknowledge the partial funding with FEDER funds under the Research Project FC-15-GRUPIN14-004. Finally, we also thank Swanson Analysis Inc. for the use of ANSYS University Research programs as well as the Workbench simulation environment

Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age.

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset - with data collected between 2020 and 2022 - to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Experimental investigation on PCM/fin slab incorporation in a evaporator side of a household refrigerator

This paper considers the impact of adding PCM/fin slab on thermal performance and power consumption of an ordinary one-door refrigerator/freezer. The PCM box with different materials is attached to the bottom surface of evaporator. Water with melting temperature of 0 °C is used as a phase change material. To study the effect of enhancing heat conduction through the PCM domain, placing fin with different geometrical configurations in PCM slab is investigated too. The results indicate that the presence of PCM- slab under the surface of the evaporator helps to decrease the cabin temperature due to the potential of PCM in absorbing and releasing cold energy. Also the results show that copper is more appropriate for PCM slab material due to its higher thermal conductivity. Furthermore, distributing the fins in PCM slab helps to narrow down the temperature fluctuations of cabin and decrease the power consumption

Investigation of MHD Eyring–Powell fluid flow over a rotating disk under effect of homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions

In this research, the characteristic of the Eyring–Powell Nano fluid flow due to rotating dick with various physical impacts, such as slip flow, magnetic field along with homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions is analyzed. Higher order non-linear expressions are converted to ordinary first-order differential equations and then solved using the numerical Method (4th–5th-order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg) in Maple-18 software. The main view of this article is to investigate the impact of parameters and numbers in the problem on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. Conclusions indicate that: the temperature profile has shown a dual behavior in terms of changes Nt and pr. T (ζ) is increased with increasing thermophoresis parameter (Nt) and is decreased with increasing Prandtl number (Pr). Keywords: Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD), Eyring–Powell fluid, Homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions, Rotating dis

Effect of splitter angles and orientations attached to pin fin on heat transfer and hydraulic characteristics in a jet impingement rectangular channel

Heat transfer improvement of heat sinks is very interesting in many applications including electronic devices cooling. In this study, the influence of rotational angle of splitters attached to pin fins for two cases of identical and opposite directions is investigated. Five angles including 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 are considered in the analysis conducted for the rectangular channel. Air as the heat transfer fluid at 302 K and 35,000 Reynolds number enters the channel. The temperature of the bottom of the channel is assumed to be constant. 18 rows of circular pin fins on which splitters are attached for enhancement of heat transfer are examined. In the numerical analysis, Nusselt number, turbulent kinetic energy, friction factor and pressure drop are analyzed parameters. The simulation of the models presented in the current study is endeavored using ANSYS Fluent software, which employs finite volume method. Results revealed that, for the identical-direction case, as the angle rises, the average Nusselt number, turbulent kinetic energy, friction factor and pressure drop increase, in a way that for the case of 90 degree, Nusselt number is 9 % and turbulent kinetic energy is 96 % higher than the base case of zero angle. Moreover, friction factor and pressure drop of the vertical-splitter case are 4.8 and 4.6 times more than those of the base case. It is also concluded that increasing angle from 0 to 45° for the opposite-direction case, Nusselt number diminishes. However, extra increase in the angle from 45 to 90 degree results in Nusselt number enhancement. Similar trend of variation is also reported for turbulent kinetic energy. Results also indicated that for the opposite-direction case, friction factor and pressure drop rise; for the case of 90 degree, friction factor and pressure drop increase 4.4 and 4.32 times, respectively

Ultrastructural study of primordial germ cells, oogonia and oocytes in goat fetus

According to morphological evidences, primordial germ cells (PGCs) are derived from the caudal endoderm of the yolk sac and migrate to embryonic gonads. After entering the gonads, first they differentiate to oogonia and then to oocytes. In the present study, ultrastructure of PGCs, oogonia and oocytes has been examined. Tissue samples were collected from posterior parts of the yolk sacs of fetuses in the early stages of development (with age of less than 1 month), and also gonads of fetuses at later developmental stages (with age of more than 1 month). Samples were studied using transmission electron microscopy after fixation, washing with buffers, dehydration, embedding and staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The Results indicated that PGCs were large with oval to spherical nuclei, reticular chromatin with nucleoli, and there were plenty of glycogen and also different organelles in their cytoplasm. Oogonia showed active mitotic divisions. These cells had regular plasma membranes and were observed as cellular clusters with spherical shape, euchromatin nucleus containing one or more nucleoli, round mitochondria and vacuoles with different sizes in cytoplasm. Oocytes had larger sizes in comparison with oogonia but didn't show cellular clusters