Synergistic mutual potentiation of antifungal activity of Zuccagnia punctata Cav. and Larrea nitida Cav. extracts in clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata

Background: Zuccagnia punctata Cav. (Fabaceae) and Larrea nitida Cav. (Zygophyllaceae) are indistinctly or jointly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of fungal-related infections. Although their dichloromethane (DCM) extract have demonstrated moderate antifungal activities when tested on their own, antifungal properties of combinations of both plants have not been assessed previously. Purpose: The aim of this study was to establish with statistical rigor whether Z. punctata (ZpE) and L. nitida DCM extract (LnE) interact synergistically against the clinically important fungi Candida albicans and Candida glabrata and to characterize the most synergistic combinations. Study design: For synergism assessment, the statistical-based Boik's design was applied. Eight ZpE–LnE fixed-ratio mixtures were prepared from four different months of 1 year and tested against Candida strains. Lϕ (Loewe index) of each mixture at different fractions affected (ϕ) allowed for the finding of the most synergistic combinations, which were characterized by HPLC fingerprint and by the quantitation of the selected marker compounds. Methods: Lϕ and confidence intervals were determined in vitro with the MixLow method, once the estimated parameters from the dose–response curves of independent extracts and mixtures, were obtained. Markers (four flavonoids for ZpE and three lignans for LnE) were quantified in each extract and their combinations, with a valid HPLC–UV method. The 3D-HPLC profiles of the most synergistic mixtures were obtained by HPLC–DAD. Results: Three over four IC50ZpE/IC50LnE fixed-ratio mixtures displayed synergistic interactions at effect levels ϕ > 0.5 against C. albicans. The dosis of the most synergistic (Lϕ = 0.62) mixture was 65.96 µg/ml (ZpE = 28%; LnE = 72%) containing 8 and 36% of flavonoids and lignans respectively. On the other hand, one over four IC50ZpE/IC50LnE mixtures displays synergistic interactions at ϕ > 0.5 against C. glabrata. The dosis of the most synergistic (Lϕ = 0.67) mixture was 168.23 µg/ml (ZpE = 27%; LnE = 73%) with 9.7 and 31.6% of flavonoids and lignans respectively. Conclusions: Studies with the statistical-based MixLow method, allowed for the finding of the most ZpE–LnE synergistic mixtures, giving support to a proper joint use of both antifungal herbs in traditional medicine.Fil: Butassi, Estefanía. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Svetaz, Laura Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ivancovich, Juan J.. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Feresin, Gabriela Egly. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Tapia, Alejandro A.. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Zacchino, Susana Alicia Stella. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Modelo predictivo de la severidad del tizón foliar por Cercospora kikuchii mediante variables meteorológicas

Introducción. En el manejo integrado de enfermedades es importante incorporar elementos como umbrales de daño económico, monitoreo y sistemas de pronóstico de riesgo, los cuales constituyen herramientas para definir estrategias de control de las mismas. Objetivo. Desarrollar un modelo predictivo de la severidad del tizón foliar por Cercospora (TFC) mediante variables meteorológicas para el norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Materiales y métodos. Se contó con datos de incidencia y severidad del TFC correspondientes a cinco ciclos productivos de soja (2013-2017) de Pergamino, Buenos Aires, relevados en distintos estados reproductivos R1 a R7. La variable dependiente fue la probabilidad de ocurrencia de niveles categorizados de la tasa de incremento (TI) de la severidad del TFC causado por C. kikuchii. Los elementos y variables meteorológicas utilizados fueron registros diarios de temperatura máxima y mínima, precipitación y humedad relativa. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación no paramétrico de Kendall Tau-b entre los niveles categorizados binariamente de TI de la severidad del TFC y las variables meteorológicas. Resultados. Las variables meteorológicas con mayor correlación en relación con la TI del TFC fueron aquellas relacionadas con la humedad relativa (DHR, MOJRO, DHRT). La inclusión de una variable térmica (GDTmax) resultó importante para el ajuste del modelo predictivo. Conclusión. Se pudo desarrollar un modelo de predicción de la severidad del TFC que incluyó dos variables meteorológicas, una relacionada con los días la humedad relativa y otra térmica relacionada con un límite de temperatura máxima para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Para validar y robustecer el modelo propuesto es necesario contar con más datos de severidad a través de los años.

Null Geodesic Congruences, Asymptotically Flat Space-Times and Their Physical Interpretation

Shear-free or asymptotically shear-free null geodesic congruences possess a large number of fascinating geometric properties and to be closely related, in the context of general relativity, to a variety of physically significant affects. It is the purpose of this paper to develop these issues and find applications in GR. The applications center around the problem of extracting interior physical properties of an asymptotically flat space-time directly from the asymptotic gravitational (and Maxwell) field itself in analogy with the determination of total charge by an integral over the Maxwell field at infinity or the identification of the interior mass (and its loss) by (Bondi's) integrals of the Weyl tensor, also at infinity. More specifically we will see that the asymptotically shear-free congruences lead us to an asymptotic definition of the center-of-mass and its equations of motion. This includes a kinematic meaning, in terms of the center of mass motion, for the Bondi three-momentum. In addition, we obtain insights into intrinsic spin and, in general, angular momentum, including an angular momentum conservation law with well-defined flux terms. When a Maxwell field is present the asymptotically shear-free congruences allow us to determine/define at infinity a center-of-charge world-line and intrinsic magnetic dipole moment.Comment: 98 pages, 6 appendices. v2: typos corrected; v3: significant changes made to results section using simpler arguments, added discussion of real structures, additional references, 2 new appendice

Relación entre enfermedades y rendimiento de granos de soja

Introduction. Vascular and foliage diseases are among the most relevant factors affecting soybean production. Objective. To quantify the damage of vascular and foliage diseases on the yield of soybean (Glycine max) crops. Materials and methods. This study was carried out for two consecutive years (2018 and 2019) in the town of Pergamino Buenos Aires, Argentina. In the case of vascular diseases, the sampling was carried out on 40 lots from the town of Pergamino. In each batch, 30 pairs of plants were collected by relieved disease. Each pair of plants was harvested by hand quantifying the number of grains per plant (NGP) and the yield per plant (RP). For the quantification of yield losses due to foliage diseases, tests were carried out with and without foliar fungicide. In each treatment the yield (kg ha-1) and its main components were determined. Results. The wet rot of the stem caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was the disease that generated the greatest damage losses in the NGP and RP. Vascular diseases can cause damage losses in the crop yield per plant, greater than 50 % and this must be associated with the percentage of incidence of the disease or diseases present in the soybean lot to determine the total damage losses. Foliage diseases in soybean can significantly reduce the yield between 11 % to 20 %, if they are not controlled in time with foliar fungicides. Conclusion. The vascular and foliage diseases diagnosed in this study significantly reduced the yield and its components in the soybean crop.Introducción. Las enfermedades vasculares y del follaje se encuentran entre los factores más relevantes que afectan la producción de soja (Glycine max). Objetivo. Cuantificar los daños de las enfermedades vasculares y del follaje sobre el rendimiento en el cultivo de soja. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo durante dos años consecutivos (2018 y 2019) en la localidad de Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Para el caso de las enfermedades vasculares el muestreo se realizó sobre cuarenta lotes de la localidad de Pergamino. En cada lote se recolectaron treinta pares de plantas con base en la enfermedad presente. Cada par de planta se cosechó a mano y se cuantificó el número de granos por planta (NGP) y el rendimiento por planta (RP). Para la cuantificación de las pérdidas de rendimiento por las enfermedades del follaje se realizaron ensayos con y sin fungicida foliar. En cada tratamiento se determinó el rendimiento (kg ha-1) y sus principales componentes. Resultados. La podredumbre húmeda del tallo causada por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum fue la enfermedad que generó los mayores daños en el NGP y el RP. Las enfermedades vasculares provocaron daños en el cultivo mayores al 50 %. Las enfermedades del follaje en soja redujeron significativamente el rendimiento entre un 11 % a un 20 %, cuando no fueron controladas con fungicidas foliares. Conclusión. Las enfermedades vasculares y del follaje diagnosticadas en este estudio redujeron significativamente el rendimiento y sus componentes en el cultivo de soja

Evaluación del tizón foliar y la mancha púrpura en semilla de soja en Argentina

Introduction. The Cercospora leaf blight and the purple seed stain are endemic diseases of soy in Argentina. Objective. To evaluate the prevalence, incidence and severity of Cercospora leaf blight and the purple seed stain in Argentina during two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016. Materials and methods. Samples were taken from a total of 132 lots. The evaluation of the prevalence, incidence, and severity of Cercospora leaf blight were carried out in the field in R6 . The evaluation of the prevalence and incidence of purple seed stain was carried out in the laboratory. Results. Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain were found to be widespread throughout the soybean region of Argentina, with a prevalence of 100 %. In 2015 and 2016, the severity of the leaf blight by Cercospora was statistically lower in the southern pampa region compared to the other regions. The northern region presented the highest severity levels of the Cercospora leaf blight. The incidence of purple seed stain did not have statistical differences between regions and years evaluated. No association was found between the pathometric variables of both diseases. There was no quantitative relationship between the severity of symptoms of Cercospora leaf blight on leaf with the incidence of purple seed stain. Conclusion. Both diseases under study were found widespread in all soybean-producing regions of Argentina.Introducción. El tizón foliar por Cercospora y la mancha púrpura de la semilla son enfermedades endémicas de la soja en Argentina. Objetivo. Evaluar la prevalencia, la incidencia y la severidad del tizón foliar por Cercospora y de la mancha púrpura de la semilla en Argentina durante dos años consecutivos, 2015 y 2016. Materiales y métodos. Los muestreos se realizaron sobre un total de 132 lotes. La evaluación de la prevalencia, la incidencia y la severidad del tizón foliar por Cercospora se realizaron en campo en la etapa reproductiva R6 . El análisis de la prevalencia e incidencia de la mancha púrpura de la semilla se realizó en laboratorio. Resultados. El tizón foliar por Cercospora y la mancha púrpura de la semilla se encontraron difundidas en toda la región sojera de Argentina, con una prevalencia del 100 %. En 2015 y 2016 la severidad del tizón foliar por Cercospora fue estadísticamente inferior en la región pampa sur respecto a las demás regiones. La región norte presentó los mayores niveles de severidad del tizón foliar por Cercospora. La incidencia de la mancha púrpura de la semilla no tuvo diferencias estadísticas entre las regiones y años evaluados. No se encontró asociación entre las variables patométricas de ambas enfermedades. No existió una relación cuantitativa entre la severidad de los síntomas del tizón foliar por Cercospora en hoja con la incidencia de la mancha púrpura de la semilla. Conclusión. Ambas enfermedades en estudio se encontraron difundidas en todas las regiones productoras de soja de Argentina

Management strategies to minimize the use of synthetic chemical acaricides in the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus

The aim of this work was to test the efficacy of winter-spring control strategies against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1888) (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in an area highly favourable for its development in Argentina. Control schemes using three or four annual applications of synthetic acaricides were evaluated. Furthermore, the dynamics of the non-parasitic phases of R. microplus were analysed to provide a framework for the application of pasture spelling as a tool for tick control. The treatment schemes provided appropriate levels of efficacy against R. microplus and also prevented the occurrence of the major peak in abundance of this tick in autumn. A significant overall effect against R. microplus can be achieved when the control strategies tested in this study are applied within the area most ecologically favourable for this tick in Argentina. Analysis of the dynamics of the non-parasitic phase of R. microplus indicates that the spelling period required to achieve a significant reduction of larvae in pastures fluctuates between 12 and 17 weeks if spelling is initiated in spring or early summer, but between 20 and 28 weeks if spelling is started in late summer, autumn or winter.EEA RafaelaFil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rossner, Maria Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Colonia Benitez; ArgentinaFil: Torrents, Jorgelina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Morel, Nicolas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Norberto Claudio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Reconquista. Agencia De Extensión Rural Garabato; ArgentinaFil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina.Fil: Guglielmone, Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina

Pathogenic variation of South American Phakopsora pachyrhizi populations isolated from soybeans from 2010 to 2015.

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Pathogenic diversity of soybean rust in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.

Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the cause of soybean rust, is an economically important pathogen of soybean in South America. Understanding the pathogenicity of indigenous fungal populations is useful for identifying resistant plant genotypes and targeting effective cultivars against certain populations. Fifty-nine rust populations from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay were evaluated for pathogenicity in three cropping seasons, 2007/2008?2009/2010, using 16 soybean differentials. Only two pairs of P. pachyrhizi populations displayed identical pathogenicity profiles, indicating substantial pathogenic variation in the rust populations. Comparative analysis of 59 South American and five Japanese samples revealed that pathogenic differences were not only detected within South America but also distinct between the P. pachyrhizi populations from South America and Japan. In addition, seasonal changes in rust pathogenicity were detected during the sampling period. The differentials containing resistance genes (Rpp: resistance to P. p achyrhizi) Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3, and Rpp4, except for Plant Introduction (PI) 587880A, displayed a resistant reaction to only 1.8?14, 24?28, 22, and 36 % of South American P. pachyrhizi populations, respectively. In contrast, PI 587880A (Rpp1), Shiranui (Rpp5), and 3 Rpp-unknown differentials (PI 587855, PI 587905, and PI 594767A) showed a resistant reaction to 78?96 % of all populations. This study demonstrated that P. pachyrhizi populations from South America vary geographically and temporally in pathogenicity and that the known Rpp genes other than Rpp1 in PI 587880A and Rpp5 have been less effective against recent pathogen populations in the countries studied