92 research outputs found
Frequency Instability Measurement Device Based on the Pulse Coincidence Principle
Актуальнiсть. Завдання швидкого й точного вимiрювання динамiчних характеристик сучасних джерел сигналiв з частотним виходом, зокрема функцiї
короткочасної нестабiльностi частоти (ФКНЧ), потребує вдосконалення методiв вимiрювання з урахуванням
необхiдностi полiпшення їх метрологiчних характеристик, зниження часу проведення випробувань, можливостi автоматизацiї вимiрювань за рахунок застосування iнформацiйно-вимiрювальних систем. Мета роботи
полягає в розробцi методу вимiрювання ФКНЧ на принципi збiгiв iмпульсiв пакетами та експериментальних
дослiдженнях вимiрювачiв на його основi.
Метод. Розроблено метод вимiрювання функцiї короткочасної нестабiльностi частоти на принципi збiгiв
регулярних незалежних послiдовностей iмпульсiв пакетами. Розроблений метод має переваги в порiвняннi з
кращим варiантом методу на базi перетворення перiодчасовий iнтервал-код при роботi з однаковим початковим значенням дослiджуваної частоти i при роботi з
однаковим значенням iнтервалу усереднення.
Результати. Отриманi аналiтичнi спiввiдношення
для основних метрологiчних характеристик. Проведено порiвняльний аналiз метрологiчних характеристик
розробленого методу й методу на базi перетворення
перiод-часовий iнтервал-код. Добрими метрологiчними
характеристиками володiє метод вимiрювання ФКНЧ
на базi перетворення перiод-часовий iнтервал-код, в
якому формується вимiрювальний iнтервал як рiзниця
дослiджуваного i опорного iнтервалiв i заповнюється
iмпульсами дослiджуваної або опорної частот.
Висновки. Реалiзовано автономний й вiртуальний
вимiрювачi, а також проведено експериментальнi дослiдження стандартних генераторiв. Вказано особливостi вимiрювачiв i шляхи їх подальшого удосконалення.
Подальший розвиток вимiрювача можливий в напрямку
збiльшення кiлькостi вимiрюваних параметрiв джерел
сигналiв з частотним виходом, зокрема, змiни короткочасної нестабiльностi частоти вiд впливу дестабiлiзуючих факторiв, характеристики i часу встановлення
частоти. Для цього необхiдно розробити керований джерело дестабiлiзуючих факторiв i синхронiзувати його
роботу з вимiрником.Context. The task of rapid and accurate measurement of the dynamic characteristics of modern signal
sources with a frequency output, in particular, the short-time frequency instability function, calls for refining
measurement techniques with account of the requirement to improve their metrological characteristics, reduce
test time, and automate measurements by using information-and-measurement systems.
Objective. The goal of the work is to develop a method of measuring the short-time frequency instability
function using the principle of pulse packet coincidence and experimental investigation of measurement
devices based on this principle.
Method. A method was developed for measuring the short-time frequency instability function based on the
principle of packet coincidence of regular independent pulse trains. The developed method has advantages
over the best version of the method based on the period-time interval-code (PTC) conversion when working
with the same initial value of the investigated frequency and when working with the same value of the
averaging interval.
Results. Analytical relationships were obtained for basic metrological characteristics. A comparative
analysis was carried out for the metrological characteristics of the developed method and the method using
period-time interval-code conversion. Acceptable metrological characteristics are inherent to the short-time
frequency instability function (SFIF) measurement method based on the period-time interval-code technique.
The difference of investigated and reference intervals form the measurement interval, which is filled with
pulses of the investigated or reference frequencies.
Conclusions. Stand-alone and virtual measurement devices were developed, and experimental studies of
standard oscillators were carried out. The features of measurement devices were specified and the ways of
their further improvement were described. Further development of the measurement device can involve an
increase in the number of measured signal source with frequency output (SFO) parameters, in particular,
changes in short-time frequency instability due to the action of destabilizing factors, and the characteristics
and time of frequency setting. This calls for developing a controlled source of destabilizing factors and
synchronizing its operation with the measurement device.Задача быстрого и точного измерения динамических характеристик современных источников сигналов
с частотным выходом (ИЧВ), в частности функции кратковременной нестабильности частоты (ФКНЧ), требует усовершенствования методов измерения с учетом
необходимости улучшения их метрологических характеристик, снижения времени проведения испытаний,
возможности автоматизации измерений за счет применения информационно-измерительных систем. Цель
работы состоит в разработке метода измерения ФКНЧ
на принципе совпадения импульсов пакетами и экспериментальных исследованиях измерителей на его основе.
Разработан метод измерения функции кратковременной
нестабильности частоты на принципе совпадений регулярных независимых последовательностей импульсов
пакетами. Разработанный метод имеет преимущества в
сравнении с лучшим вариантом метода на базе преобразования ПВК при работе с одинаковым начальным
значением исследуемой частоты и при работе с одинаковым значением интервала усреднения. Получены
аналитические соотношения для основных метрологических характеристик. Проведен сравнительный анализ
метрологических характеристик разработанного метода и метода на базе преобразования период-временной
интервал-код. Хорошими метрологическими характеристиками обладает метод измерения ФКНЧ на базе
преобразования период-временной интервал-код (ПВК),
в котором формируется измерительный интервал как
разность исследуемого и опорного интервалов и заполняется импульсами исследуемой или опорной частот.
Реализованы автономный и виртуальный измерители,
а также проведены экспериментальные исследования
стандартных генераторов. Указаны особенности измерителей и пути их дальнейшего совершенствования.
Дальнейшее развитие измерителя возможно в направлении увеличения количества измеряемых параметров
ИЧВ, в частности, изменения кратковременной нестабильности частоты от воздействия дестабилизирующих
факторов, характеристики и времени установления частоты. Для этого необходимо разработать управляемый
источник дестабилизирующих факторов и синхронизировать его работу с измерителем
Representation of National and Cultural Identity in Hungarian Translation of E. Vodolazkin’s Novel “Laurus”
The problem of translation of a literary text is considered, in which the interpretation of the national-cultural self-identification of the characters and the narrator is a significant tool for identifying its semantic dominant. For the first time, the issue of translation strategies in relation to the actualization of “one’s own and someone else’s” is studied on the material of the Hungarian translation of Evgeny Vodolazkin’s novel “Laurus”. The object of the study is archaic or non-archaic fragments of the Old Russian text in the speech of the heroes of the novel, as well as translations of personal names and toponyms. It is established that Lajos Palfalvi uses the translation strategy of domestication. The language means of archaization used in the translation text are described. It is proved that the leading means of archaization in translation is the use of the ancient Hungarian narrative past, other means of archaization are obsolete forms, words and syntactic constructions, rare words and words belonging to a high, literary or folk style. The adequacy of the translation strategy is demonstrated: these linguistic means refer the Hungarian reader to the Middle Ages, which corresponds to the author's intention. At the same time, it is noted that the specific linguocultural continuity of the Eastern Slavs (inhabitants of Ancient Russia) and Russians (native speakers of the modern Russian language) is only partially updated in the translation of the novel
Формирование отверстий в кремниевой подложке 3D-электронного модуля лазерным излучением
Laser heating is a promising method for through-silicon-via (TSV) formation in assembling highdensity 3D electronic modules due to its high specific energy and local heating ability. Using laser radiation for the formation of TSV makes it possible to reduce its diameter, indirectly increases the density of elements in 3D electrical modules. Laser system selection depends on the physical and mechanical properties of the processed materials and on the technical requirements for laserprocessing. The reflectivity of most materials increases with the laser wavelength. It was found that with an increase in the initial temperature of the substrate, the TSV taper becomes larger. Simulation was performed in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 to conduct thermal distribution during TSV laser formation. By modeling thermal fields in the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software for laser processing of silicon substrates and experimental studies, the parameters of laser radiation have been optimized to obtain a minimum hole taper coefficient in the substrates of 3D electronic modules. The optimal duration of exposure to laser radiation with a wavelength of 10.64 microns is less than 2 s with holes taper 0.1–0.2.Лазерный нагрев является перспективным методом формирования отверстий в кремниевых подложках при сборке 3D-электронных модулей с высокой плотностью выводов из-за его высокой удельной энергии и способности локального нагрева. Применение лазерного излучения для формирования отверстий в кремнии дает возможность уменьшения их диаметра, косвенно повышает плотность элементов в 3D-электронных модулях. Выбор лазерной системы зависит от физико-механических свойств обрабатываемых материалов и от технических требований, предъявляемых к лазерной обработке. Отражательная способность большинства материалов возрастает с увеличением длины волны лазерного излучения. Установлено, что с повышением начальной температуры кремниевой подложки конусообразность отверстий в ней становится больше. Выполнено моделирование в COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 для проведения теплового распределения при лазерной прошивке отверстий в кремниевой подложке. Моделированием тепловых полей в программном пакете COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 при лазерной обработке кремниевых подложек и экспериментальнымиисследованиями оптимизированы параметры лазерного излучения для получения минимальной конусообразности отверстий в подложках 3D-электронных модулей. Оптимальная длительность воздействия лазерного излучения с длиной волны 10,64 мкм составляет не более 2 с при конусообразности отверстий 0,1–0,2
Influence of the ocean surface temperature and sea ice concentration on regional climate changes in Eurasia in recent decades
Numerical experiments with the ECHAM5 atmospheric general circulation model have been performed in order to simulate the influence of changes in the ocean surface temperature (OST) and sea ice concentration (SIC) on climate characteristics in regions of Eurasia. The sensitivity of winter and summer climates to OST and SIC variations in 1998-2006 has been investigated and compared to those in 1968-1976. These two intervals correspond to the maximum and minimum of the Atlantic Long-Period Oscillation (ALO) index. Apart from the experiments on changes in the OST and SIC global fields, the experiments on OST anomalies only in the North Atlantic and SIC anomalies in the Arctic for the specified periods have been analyzed. It is established that temperature variations in Western Europe are explained by OST and SIC variations fairly well, whereas the warmings in Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, according to model experiments, are substantially (by a factor of 2-3) smaller than according to observational data. Winter changes in the temperature regime in continental regions are controlled mainly by atmospheric circulation anomalies. The model, on the whole, reproduces the empirical structure of changes in the winter field of surface pressure, in particular, the pressure decrease in the Caspian region; however, it substantially (approximately by three times) underestimates the range of changes. Summer temperature variations in the model are characterized by a higher statistical significance than winter ones. The analysis of the sensitivity of the climate in Western Europe to SIC variations alone in the Arctic is an important result of the experiments performed. It is established that the SIC decrease and a strong warming over the Barents Sea in the winter period leads to a cooling over vast regions of the northern part of Eurasia and increases the probability of anomalously cold January months by two times and more (for regions in Western Siberia). This effect is caused by the formation of the increased-pressure region with a center over the southern boundary of the Barents Sea during the SIC decrease and an anomalous advection of cold air masses from the northeast. This result indicates that, to estimate the ALO actions (as well as other long-scale climatic variability modes) on the climate of Eurasia, it is basically important to take into account (or correctly reproduce) Arctic sea ice changes in experiments with climatic models
Large scale analytic calculations in quantum field theories
We present a survey on the mathematical structure of zero- and single scale
quantities and the associated calculation methods and function spaces in higher
order perturbative calculations in relativistic renormalizable quantum field
theories.Comment: 25 pages Latex, 1 style fil
Диагностика инвазивного рака мочевого пузыря по лабораторным показателям с использованием статистических решающих правил
Based on studies of a wide spectrum of physicochemical parameters of the blood in 160 patients with vesical cancer, the authors created complexes of informative tests and formulated the decision rules fit for evaluating the degree of tumor invasion before therapy. The diagnostic efficiency of this approach amounts to 87.5—89%.
Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease
Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.
Improved functionalization of oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
can providemultiple benefits for biomedical applications
in aqueous environments such asmagnetic separation or
magnetic resonance imaging. To increase the colloidal
stability and allow subsequent reactions, the introduction
of hydrophilic functional groups onto the particles’
surface is essential. During this process, the original
coating is exchanged by preferably covalently bonded
ligands such as trialkoxysilanes. The duration of the
silane exchange reaction, which commonly takes more
than 24 h, is an important drawback for this approach. In
this paper, we present a novel method, which introduces
ultrasonication as an energy source to dramatically
accelerate this process, resulting in high-quality waterdispersible nanoparticles around 10 nmin size. To prove
the generic character, different functional groups were
introduced on the surface including polyethylene glycol
chains, carboxylic acid, amine, and thiol groups. Their
colloidal stability in various aqueous buffer solutions as
well as human plasma and serum was investigated to
allow implementation in biomedical and sensing
applications.status: publishe
Automated control of the process formation of transition holes in silicon substrates through laser and infrared heating
Автоматизированный контроль процесса формирования переходных отверстий в кремниевых подложках 3D структур по технологии TSV посредством лазерного излучения и инфракрасного нагрева в средневолновом диапазоне при помощи микроконтроллерного устройства позволяет повысить точность проводимых опытов, упростить сбор данных необходимых для последующего анализа и ля установления оптимальных параметров технологического процесса. Automated control of the process of forming vias into silicon substrates for the formation of 3D structures using TSV technology by means of laser radiation and infrared heating in the medium wavelength range, using a microcontroller device, makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the experiments, simplify the collection of data necessary for the subsequent analysis necessary to establish the optimal parameters of the technological process
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