1,161 research outputs found
A summer time series of particulate carbon in the air and snow at Summit, Greenland
Carbonaceous particulate matter is ubiquitous in the lower atmosphere, produced by natural and anthropogenic sources and transported to distant regions, including the pristine and climate-sensitive Greenland Ice Sheet. During the summer of 2006, ambient particulate carbonaceous compounds were characterized on the Greenland Ice Sheet, including the measurement of particulate organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon, particulate water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), particulate absorption coefficient (Ïap), and particle size-resolved number concentration (PM0.1â1.0). Additionally, parallel âŒ50-day time series of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC), and elemental carbon (EC) were quantified at time increments of 4â24 h in the surface snow. Measurement of atmospheric particulate carbon found WSOC (average of 52 ng mâ3) to constitute a major fraction of particulate OC (average of 56 ng mâ3), suggesting that atmospheric organic compounds reaching the Greenland Ice Sheet in summer are highly oxidized. Atmospheric EC (average of 7 ng mâ3) was well-correlated with Ïap (r = 0.95) and the calculated mass-absorption cross-section (average of 24 m2 gâ1) appears to be similar to that measured using identical techniques in an urban environment in the United States. Comparing surface snow to atmospheric particulate matter concentrations, it appears the snow has a much higher OC (WSOC+WIOC) to EC ratio (205:1) than air (10:1), suggesting that snow is additionally influenced by water-soluble gas-phase compounds. Finally, the higher-frequency (every 4â6 h) sampling of snow-phase WSOC revealed significant loss (40â54%) of related organic compounds in surface snow within 8 h of wet deposition
Computer simulation of protein systems
Ligand binding to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is discussed. This is an extremely important enzyme, as it is the target of several drugs (inhibitors) which are used clinically as antibacterials, antiprotozoals and in cancer chemotherapy. DHFR catalyzes the NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dependent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, which is used in several pathways of purine and pyrimidine iosynthesis, including that of thymidylate. Since DNA synthesis is dependent on a continuing supply of thymidylate, a blockade of DHFR resulting in a depletion of thymidylate can lead to the cessation of growth of a rapidly proliferating cell line. DHFR exhibits a significant species to species variability in its sensitivity to various inhibitors. For example, trimethoprim, an inhibitor of DHFR, binds to bacterial DHFR's 5 orders of magnitude greater than to vertebrate DHFR's. The structural mechanics, dynamics and energetics of a family of dihydrofolate reductases are studied to rationalize the basis for the inhibitor of these enyzmes and to understand the molecular basis of the difference in the binding constants between the species. This involves investigating the conformational changes induced in the protein on binding the ligand, the internal strain imposed by the enzyme on the ligand, the restriction of fluctuations in atom positions due to binding and the consequent change in entropy
Particulate and water-soluble carbon measured in recent snow at Summit, Greenland
Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), waterinsoluble particulate organic carbon (WIOC), and particulate elemental carbon (EC) were measured simultaneously for the first time on the Greenland Ice Sheet in surface snow and in a 3-meter snow pit. Snow pit concentrations reveal that, on average, WSOC makes up the majority (89%) of carbonaceous species, followed by WIOC (10%) and EC (1%). The enhancement of OC relative to EC (ratio 99:1) in Greenland snow suggests that, along with atmospheric particulate matter, gaseous organics contribute to snow-phase OC. Comparison of summer surface snow concentrations in 2006 with past summer snow pit layers (2002 â 2005) found a significant depletion in WSOC (20 â 82%) and WIOC (46 â 65%) relative to EC for 3 of the 4 years. The apparent substantial loss of WSOC and WIOC in aged snow suggests that post-depositional processes, such as photochemical reactions, need to be considered in linking ice core records of organics to atmospheric concentrations. Citation: Hagler, G. S. W., M. H. Bergin, E. A. Smith, J. E. Dibb, C. Anderson, and E. J. Steig (2007), Particulate and water-soluble carbon measured in recent snow at Summit, Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16505, doi:10.1029/2007GL030110
Signal processing in local neuronal circuits based on activity-dependent noise and competition
We study the characteristics of weak signal detection by a recurrent neuronal
network with plastic synaptic coupling. It is shown that in the presence of an
asynchronous component in synaptic transmission, the network acquires
selectivity with respect to the frequency of weak periodic stimuli. For
non-periodic frequency-modulated stimuli, the response is quantified by the
mutual information between input (signal) and output (network's activity), and
is optimized by synaptic depression. Introducing correlations in signal
structure resulted in the decrease of input-output mutual information. Our
results suggest that in neural systems with plastic connectivity, information
is not merely carried passively by the signal; rather, the information content
of the signal itself might determine the mode of its processing by a local
neuronal circuit.Comment: 15 pages, 4 pages, in press for "Chaos
Quark Contributions to Nucleon Momentum and Spin from Domain Wall fermion calculations
We report contributions to the nucleon spin and momentum from light quarks
calculated using dynamical domain wall fermions with pion masses down to 300
MeV and fine lattice spacing a=0.084 fm. Albeit without disconnected diagrams,
we observe that spin and orbital angular momenta of both u and d quarks are
opposite, almost canceling in the case of the d quark, which agrees with
previous calculations using a mixed quark action. We also present the full
momentum dependence of n=2 generalized form factors showing little variation
with the pion mass.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, NT-LBNL-11-020, MIT-CTP-4323. Presented at the
29th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2011), Squaw
Valley, California, 10-16 Jul 201
Generalized Parton Distributions in Full Lattice QCD
We present recent results on generalized parton distributions from dynamical
lattice QCD calculations. Our set of twelve different combinations of couplings
and quark masses allows for a preliminary study of the pion mass dependence of
the transverse nucleon structure.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures; Talk presented by Ph.H. at Light-Cone 2004,
Amsterdam, 16 - 20 Augus
Transverse momentum distributions inside the nucleon from lattice QCD
We study transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) with
non-local operators in lattice QCD, using MILC/LHPC lattices. Results obtained with a simplified
operator geometry show visible dipole deformations of spin-dependent quark momentum densities.United States. Dept. of Energy (grant DE-FG02-94ER40818
Transverse momentum dependent quark densities from Lattice QCD
We study transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) with nonâlocal operators in lattice QCD, using MILCâLHPC lattices. We discuss the basic concepts of the method, including renormalization of the gauge link. Results obtained with a simplified operator geometry show visible dipole deformations of spinâdependent quark momentum densities.United States. Dept. of Energy (grant DEFG02- 94ER40818
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