Ion Selective Nanochannels: From Critical Principles to Sensing and Biosensing Applications

Nanochannels offer significant practical advantages in many fields due to their interesting characteristics, such as flexibility in shape and size, robustness, low-cost and their ability to be modified based on the required applications. The effectiveness of ion separation in nanochannels can be assessed based on the selective transport of the desired ions and the rate of the transportation process. This paper aims to provide an extensive review of ion-based nanochannels, including their working principles and ion-selective behaviors. Nanochannel fabrication strategies and their applications are discussed. Key nanochannel design factors and their roles in governing ion-selective transport are also reviewed. The contribution of size, charge, wettability, and recognition ability of the nanochannels on the selectivity mechanisms are discussed. Specific consideration is made to nanochannel applications in sensing and biosensing assays. Finally, an attempt is made to address the commercial implementation and future outlook of the nanochannels to guide researchers in emerging avenues of research

Ion Selective Nanochannels: From Critical Principles to Sensing and Biosensing Applications

Nanochannels offer significant practical advantages in many fields due to their interesting characteristics, such as flexibility in shape and size, robustness, low-cost and their ability to be modified based on the required applications. The effectiveness of ion separation in nanochannels can be assessed based on the selective transport of the desired ions and the rate of the transportation process. This paper aims to provide an extensive review of ion-based nanochannels, including their working principles and ion-selective behaviors. Nanochannel fabrication strategies and their applications are discussed. Key nanochannel design factors and their roles in governing ion-selective transport are also reviewed. The contribution of size, charge, wettability, and recognition ability of the nanochannels on the selectivity mechanisms are discussed. Specific consideration is made to nanochannel applications in sensing and biosensing assays. Finally, an attempt is made to address the commercial implementation and future outlook of the nanochannels to guide researchers in emerging avenues of research. © 2021 Wiley-VCH Gmb

Recent developments in enzyme immobilization technology for high-throughput processing in food industries.

The demand for food and beverage markets has increased as a result of population increase and in view of health awareness. The quality of products from food processing industry has to be improved economically by incorporating greener methodologies that enhances the safety and shelf life via the enzymes application while maintaining the essential nutritional qualities. The utilization of enzymes is rendered more favorable in industrial practices via the modification of their characteristics as attested by studies on enzyme immobilization pertaining to different stages of food and beverage processing; these studies have enhanced the catalytic activity, stability of enzymes and lowered the overall cost. However, the harsh conditions of industrial processes continue to increase the propensity of enzyme destabilization thus shortening their industrial lifespan namely enzyme leaching, recoverability, uncontrollable orientation and the lack of a general procedure. Innovative studies have strived to provide new tools and materials for the development of systems offering new possibilities for industrial applications of enzymes. Herein, an effort has been made to present up-to-date developments on enzyme immobilization and current challenges in the food and beverage industries in terms of enhancing the enzyme stability