Equivalences of Zt×Z22-cocyclic Hadamard matrices

One of the most promising structural approaches to resolving the Hadamard Conjecture uses the family of cocyclic matrices over Zt × Z2 2. Two types of equivalence relations for classifying cocyclic matrices over Zt × Z2 2 have been found. Any cocyclic matrix equivalent by either of these relations to a Hadamard matrix will also be Hadamard. One type, based on algebraic relations between cocycles over any fi- nite group, has been known for some time. Recently, and independently, a second type, based on four geometric relations between diagrammatic visualisations of cocyclic matrices over Zt × Z2 2, has been found. Here we translate the algebraic equivalences to diagrammatic equivalences and show one of the diagrammatic equivalences cannot be obtained this way. This additional equivalence is shown to be the geometric translation of matrix transposition

LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES Y SU EFECTO EN EL DESARROLLO REGIONAL

El presente trabajo tiene la finalidad de analizar los efectos de las principales reformas estructurales aprobadas en el año 2013 e implementadas en nuestro país y sus respectivos efectos en los sectores productivos de las regiones productoras de petróleo. En particular se trata de realizar un análisis de la reforma realizada al sector petrolero para revisar los indicadores económicos que están frenando el desarrollo regional. Las desigualdades sociales en las regiones altamente petrolizadas como Tabasco, Campeche, y Veracruz, se ven reflejadas en los altos indicadores de rezago social, pobreza y marginación de su población que junto con la falta de empleos y oportunidades de trabajo están impactando en las principales actividades económicas de estas entidades. Por ello, consideramos necesario implementar acciones y estrategias regionales que atiendan de manera integral esta problemática de falta de desarrollo económico para mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes de los estados afectados. Las reformas estructurales sobre todo la petrolera han provocado el desplome de la economía de estas regiones petroleras que hoy padecen las peores crisis. Se identificó la problemática mediante la aplicación de un modelo deductivo con el criterio que va de lo general a lo particular. La metodología propuesta para el desarrollo de este trabajo es de tipo cuantitativa y consiste en realizar un análisis de la literatura relacionada con la reforma energética promovida por el Ejecutivo Federal, la consulta de libros, estadísticas y datos históricos de la actividad petrolera en México. Se utilizaron diversas técnicas de recolección de información como la revisión documental de revistas especializadas y medios electrónicos. El método para el desarrollo de la investigación es analítico y descriptivo y la metodología utilizada es de tipo cuantitativa

Halocyclization of o-(Alkynyl)styrenes. Synthesis of 3-Halo-1H-indenes

Junta de Castilla y Leon (BU021A09 and GR-172), Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (MEC), FEDER (CTQ2007-61436/BQU and CTQ2009-09949/BQU), MEC (FPU grant), Juan de la Cierva, Ramon y Cajal and "Young Foreign Researchers" (SB2009-0186) contract

Solvent- and ligand-induced switch of selectivity in gold(I)-catalyzed tandem reactions of 3-propargylindoles

The selectivity of our previously described gold-catalyzed tandem reaction, 1,2-indole migration followed by aura-iso-Nazarov cyclization, of 3-propargylindoles bearing (hetero)aromatic substituents at both the propargylic and terminal positions, was reversed by the proper choice of the catalyst and the reaction conditions. Thus, 3-(inden-2-yl)indoles, derived from an aura-Nazarov cyclization (instead of an aura-iso-Nazarov cyclization), were obtained in moderate to good yields from a variety of 3-propargylindolesMICINN (CTQ2010-15358 and CTQ2009-09949), Junta de Castilla y Leon (BU021A09 and GR-172), MEC (FPU predoctoral fellowship to D.M.), Ramón y Cajal (contract to M.A F R.), Juan de la Cierva (contract to P.G.G.

Mechanical Isolation of Highly Stable Antimonene under Ambient Conditions

Using mechanical exfoliation combined with a controlled double step transfer procedure we demonstrate that single layers of antimony can be readily produced. These flakes are not significantly contaminated upon exposure to ambient conditions and they do not react with water. DFT calculations confirm our experimental observations and predict a band gap of 1.2-1.3 eV (ambient conditions) for single layer antimonene, which is smaller than that calculated under vacuum conditions at 0 K. Our work confirms antimonene as a highly stable 2D material with promising relevant applications in optoelectronics.Comment: main paper: 5 pages, 4 figures supporting: 9 pages, 7 figures, Advanced Materials, 201

Gold(I) Catalysis Applied to the Stereoselective Synthesis of Indeno[2,1-b]thiochromene Derivatives and Seleno Analogues

A gold(I)-catalyzed cascade reaction for the stereoselective synthesis of sulfur- or selenium-containing indeno[1,2-b]chromene derivatives from o-(alkynyl)styrenes substituted at the triple bond with a thio- or seleno-aryl group is described. The reaction involves a double cyclization process through a proposed key gold−cyclopropyl carbene intermediate that evolves by the intramolecular addition of an aromatic to the cyclopropane ring, affording polycyclic structures. The enantioselective version was studied using gold(I) complexes bearing chiral ligands.We gratefully acknowledge MICINN (PID2020-115789GBC21), “NextGenerationEU/PRTR” (PDC2021-120825-C21), Junta de Castilla y León, and FEDER (BU049P20) for financial support. The project leading to these results also received funding from the “la Caixa” Foundation, under Agreement LCF/PR/PR18/51130007 (CAIXA-UBU001). C.V. and S.S.-P. thank Junta de Castilla y León (Consejería de Educación) and Fondo Social Europeo for postdoctoral contracts

Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Alkylation of Indoles with Tertiary Propargylic Alcohols: Scope and Limitations

Direct alkylation of indoles with a wide variety of tertiary propargylic alcohols under Brønsted acid catalysis conditions has been studied. A general and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of 3-propargylated indoles with quaternary carbon atoms at their propargylic positions has been developed. The reactions are highly regioselective with regard both to the indole and to the alkynol components. Only with N-unsubstituted 2-arylindoles do competitive SN′ reactions take place to afford 3-dienyl- or 3-allenylindoles, depending on the alkynol moiety. The reactions were carried out in air with undried solvents, and water was the only side product.Junta de Castilla y Leon (BU021A09 and GR-172) and the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (MEC) and FEDER (CTQ2007-61436/BQU and CTQ2009-09949/BQU) for financial support. D. M. and A. M. thank the MEC for MEC-FPU predoctoral fellowships. M. G. thanks the MEC for a "Young Foreign Researchers" contract (SB2006-0215). M. A. F.-R. and P. G.-G. also thank the MEC for "Ramon y Cajal" and "Juan de la Cierva" contracts.This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Sanz, R., Miguel, D., Martínez, A., Gohain, M., García-García, P., Fernández-Rodríguez, M. A., Álvarez, E. and Rodríguez, F. (2010), Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Alkylation of Indoles with Tertiary Propargylic Alcohols: Scope and Limitations. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2010: 7027–7039. doi: 10.1002/ejoc.201001055, which has been published in final form at 10.1002/ejoc.201001055. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving

Global mRNA expression analysis in myosin II deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals an impairment of cell integrity functions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>Saccharomyces cerevisiae MYO1 </it>gene encodes the myosin II heavy chain (Myo1p), a protein required for normal cytokinesis in budding yeast. Myo1p deficiency in yeast (<it>myo1Δ</it>) causes a cell separation defect characterized by the formation of attached cells, yet it also causes abnormal budding patterns, formation of enlarged and elongated cells, increased osmotic sensitivity, delocalized chitin deposition, increased chitin synthesis, and hypersensitivity to the chitin synthase III inhibitor Nikkomycin Z. To determine how differential expression of genes is related to these diverse cell wall phenotypes, we analyzed the global mRNA expression profile of <it>myo1Δ </it>strains.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Global mRNA expression profiles of <it>myo1Δ </it>strains and their corresponding wild type controls were obtained by hybridization to yeast oligonucleotide microarrays. Results for selected genes were confirmed by real time RT-PCR. A total of 547 differentially expressed genes (p ≤ 0.01) were identified with 263 up regulated and 284 down regulated genes in the <it>myo1Δ </it>strains. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed the significant over-representation of genes in the protein biosynthesis and stress response categories. The <it>SLT2/MPK1 </it>gene was up regulated in the microarray, and a <it>myo1Δslt2Δ </it>double mutant was non-viable. Overexpression of ribosomal protein genes <it>RPL30 </it>and <it>RPS31 </it>suppressed the hypersensitivity to Nikkomycin Z and increased the levels of phosphorylated Slt2p in <it>myo1Δ </it>strains. Increased levels of phosphorylated Slt2p were also observed in wild type strains under these conditions.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Following this analysis of global mRNA expression in yeast <it>myo1Δ </it>strains, we conclude that 547 genes were differentially regulated in <it>myo1Δ </it>strains and that the stress response and protein biosynthesis gene categories were coordinately regulated in this mutant. The <it>SLT2/MPK1 </it>gene was confirmed to be essential for <it>myo1Δ </it>strain viability, supporting that the up regulated stress response genes are regulated by the <it>PKC1 </it>cell integrity pathway. Suppression of Nikkomycin Z hypersensitivity together with Slt2p phosphorylation was caused by the overexpression of ribosomal protein genes <it>RPL30 </it>and <it>RPS31</it>. These ribosomal protein mRNAs were down regulated in the <it>myo1Δ </it>arrays, suggesting that down regulation of ribosomal biogenesis may affect cell integrity in <it>myo1Δ </it>strains.</p