9,707 research outputs found
The observable effects of a photospheric component on GRB's and XRF's prompt emission spectrum
A thermal radiative component is likely to accompany the first stages of the
prompt emission of Gamma-ray bursts (GRB's) and X-ray flashes (XRF's). We
analyze the effect of such a component on the observable spectrum, assuming
that the observable effects are due to a dissipation process occurring below or
near the thermal photosphere. We consider both the internal shock model and a
'slow heating' model as possible dissipation mechanisms. For comparable energy
densities in the thermal and the leptonic component, the dominant emission
mechanism is Compton scattering. This leads to a nearly flat energy spectrum
(\nu F_\nu \propto \nu^0) above the thermal peak at ~10-100 keV and below
10-100 MeV, for a wide range of optical depths 0.03 <~ \tau_{\gamma e} <~ 100,
regardless of the details of the dissipation mechanism or the strength of the
magnetic field. At lower energies steep slopes are expected, while above 100
MeV the spectrum depends on the details of the dissipation process. For higher
values of the optical depth, a Wien peak is formed at 100 keV - 1 MeV, and no
higher energy component exists. For any value of \tau_{\gamma e}, the number of
pairs produced does not exceed the baryon related electrons by a factor larger
than a few. We conclude that dissipation near the thermal photosphere can
naturally explain both the steep slopes observed at low energies and a flat
spectrum above 10 keV, thus providing an alternative scenario to the optically
thin synchrotron - SSC model.Comment: Discussion added on the results of Baring & Braby (2004); Accepted
for publication in Ap.
Diversifying to Mitigate Risk: Can Dodd–Frank Section 342 Help Stabilize the Financial Sector?
Functional trade-offs in cribellate silk mediated by spinning behavior
Web-building spiders are an extremely diverse predatory group due to their use of physiologically differentiated silk types in webs. Major shifts in silk functional properties are classically attributed to innovations in silk genes and protein expression. Here, we disentangle the effects of spinning behavior on silk performance of the earliest types of capture threads in spider webs for the first time. Progradungula otwayensis produces two variations of cribellate silk in webs: ladder lines are stereotypically combed with the calamistrum while supporting rail lines contain silk that is naturally uncombed, spun without the intervention of the legs. Combed cribellate silk is highly extensible and adhesive suggesting that the reserve warp and cribellate fibrils brings them into tension only near or after the underlying axial fibers are broken. In contrast, these three fiber components are largely aligned in the uncombed threads and deform as a single composite unit that is 5–10x stronger, but significantly less adhesive, allowing them to act as structural elements in the web. Our study reveals that cribellate silk can occupy a surprisingly diverse performance space, accessible through simple changes in spider behavior, which may have facilitated the impressive diversification of web architectures utilizing this ancient silk.Fil: Michalik, Peter. ERNST MORITZ ARNDT UNIVERSITĂ„T GREIFSWALD (UG);Fil: Piorkowski, Dakota. Tunghai University; ChinaFil: Blackledge, Todd A.. University of Akron; Estados UnidosFil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin
Discovery of planetary nebulae using predictive mid-infrared diagnostics
We demonstrate a newly developed mid-infrared planetary nebula (PN) selection
technique. It is designed to enable efficient searches for obscured, previously
unknown, PN candidates present in the photometric source catalogues of Galactic
plane MIR sky surveys. Such selection is now possible via new, sensitive,
high-to-medium resolution, MIR satellite surveys such as those from the Spitzer
Space Telescope and the all-sky Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)
satellite missions. MIR selection is based on how different colour-colour
planes isolate zones (sometimes overlapping) that are predominately occupied by
different astrophysical object types. These techniques depend on the
reliability of the available MIR source photometry. In this pilot study we
concentrate on MIR point source detections and show that it is dangerous to
take the MIR GLIMPSE (Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire)
photometry from Spitzer for each candidate at face value without examining the
actual MIR image data. About half of our selected sources are spurious
detections due to the applied source detection algorithms being affected by
complex MIR backgrounds and the de-blending of diffraction spikes around bright
MIR point sources into point sources themselves. Nevertheless, once this
additional visual diagnostic checking is performed, valuable MIR selected PN
candidates are uncovered. Four turned out to have faint, compact, optical
counterparts in our H-alpha survey data missed in previous optical searches. We
confirm all of these as true PNe via our follow-up optical spectroscopy. This
lends weight to the veracity of our MIR technique. It demonstrates sufficient
robustness that high-confidence samples of new Galactic PN candidates can be
extracted from these MIR surveys without confirmatory optical spectroscopy and
imaging. This is problematic or impossible when the extinction is large.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, 7 tables; accepted for publication in MNRA
Spectroscopic binaries in the Solar Twin Planet Search program: from substellar-mass to M dwarf companions
Previous studies on the rotation of Sun-like stars revealed that the
rotational rates of young stars converge towards a well-defined evolution that
follows a power-law decay. It seems, however, that some binary stars do not
obey this relation, often by displaying enhanced rotational rates and activity.
In the Solar Twin Planet Search program we observed several solar twin
binaries, and found a multiplicity fraction of in the whole
sample; moreover, at least three of these binaries (HIP 19911, HIP 67620 and
HIP 103983) clearly exhibit the aforementioned anomalies. We investigated the
configuration of the binaries in the program, and discovered new companions for
HIP 6407, HIP 54582, HIP 62039 and HIP 30037, of which the latter is orbited by
a M brown dwarf in a 1-month long orbit. We report the orbital
parameters of the systems with well-sampled orbits and, in addition, the lower
limits of parameters for the companions that only display a curvature in their
radial velocities. For the linear trend binaries, we report an estimate of the
masses of their companions when their observed separation is available, and a
minimum mass otherwise. We conclude that solar twin binaries with low-mass
stellar companions at moderate orbital periods do not display signs of a
distinct rotational evolution when compared to single stars. We confirm that
the three peculiar stars are double-lined binaries, and that their companions
are polluting their spectra, which explains the observed anomalies.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Anthropometric characteristics, quality of life and functional capacity in adults living with HIV in Puerto Rico
Survival and longevity rates in people living with HIV (HIV+) have increased with the availability and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, despite the above HIV+ adults treated with ART have a higher risk of developing dyslipidemia and high waist circumference. In addition, they have lower cardiorespiratory fitness, loss of muscle mass, reduced balance, and reduced functional capacity, which affects their quality of life. To explore the impact of balance perception, treadmill time, grip strength, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) on quality of life in Latino Hispanic people living with HIV. This study recruited twenty-five participants from a community-based center, La Perla de Gran Precio, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, with the medical diagnosis of HIV. Descriptive measures were obtained for all variables of interest, and correlation and regression analyses were used to assess the associations between functional capacity, quality of life, and anthropometric measures. Result: Men had greater left- and right-hand grip strength than women (86.9±18.8, 56.9±26.8 kg; p=0.003 and 87.6±15.1 vs. 61.4±26.6 kg; p =0.004). Two anthropometric variables showed a trend toward a moderate positive correlation with quality of life: WHtR (r= -0.38, p =0.12) and BMI (r= -0.38, p = p-0.14). Although gender differences in upper body strength are expected, handgrip strength is within the gender-specific average range of the general population. The integration of anthropometric characteristics and upper body strength when prescribing exercise must be considered since these factors influence functional capacity and quality of life among HIV+ adults
Importation of Hybrid Human-Associated Trypanosoma cruzi Strains of Southern South American Origin, Colombia.
We report the characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi of southern South American origin among humans, domestic vectors, and peridomestic hosts in Colombia using high-resolution nuclear and mitochondrial genotyping. Expanding our understanding of the geographic range of lineage TcVI, which is associated with severe Chagas disease, will help clarify risk of human infection for improved disease control
Morphology Effectively Controls Singlet-Triplet Exciton Relaxation and Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors
We present a comparative study of ultrafast photo-conversion dynamics in
tetracene (Tc) and pentacene (Pc) single crystals and Pc films using optical
pump-probe spectroscopy. Photo-induced absorption in Tc and Pc crystals is
activated and temperature-independent respectively, demonstrating dominant
singlet-triplet exciton fission. In Pc films (as well as C-doped films)
this decay channel is suppressed by electron trapping. These results
demonstrate the central role of crystallinity and purity in photogeneration
processes and will constrain the design of future photovoltaic devices.Comment:
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Database: a repository of current annotation efforts and resources for the Hh research community
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Database is a curated repository of information pertaining to the Hedgehog developmental pathway. It was designed to provide centralized access to a wide range of relevant information in an organism-agnostic manner. Data are provided for all genes and gene targets known to be involved in the Hh pathway across various organisms. The data provided include DNA and protein sequences as well as domain structure motifs. All known human diseases associated with the Hh pathway are indexed including experimental data on therapeutic agents and their molecular targets. Hh researchers will find useful information on relevant protocols, tissue cell lines and reagents used in current Hh research projects. Curated content is also provided for publications, grants and patents relating to the Hh pathway. The database can be accessed at
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