Context-sensitive autoassociative memories as expert systems in medical diagnosis

BACKGROUND: The complexity of our contemporary medical practice has impelled the development of different decision-support aids based on artificial intelligence and neural networks. Distributed associative memories are neural network models that fit perfectly well to the vision of cognition emerging from current neurosciences. METHODS: We present the context-dependent autoassociative memory model. The sets of diseases and symptoms are mapped onto a pair of basis of orthogonal vectors. A matrix memory stores the associations between the signs and symptoms, and their corresponding diseases. A minimal numerical example is presented to show how to instruct the memory and how the system works. In order to provide a quick appreciation of the validity of the model and its potential clinical relevance we implemented an application with real data. A memory was trained with published data of neonates with suspected late-onset sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A set of personal clinical observations was used as a test set to evaluate the capacity of the model to discriminate between septic and non-septic neonates on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. RESULTS: We show here that matrix memory models with associations modulated by context can perform automatic medical diagnosis. The sequential availability of new information over time makes the system progress in a narrowing process that reduces the range of diagnostic possibilities. At each step the system provides a probabilistic map of the different possible diagnoses to that moment. The system can incorporate the clinical experience, building in that way a representative database of historical data that captures geo-demographical differences between patient populations. The trained model succeeds in diagnosing late-onset sepsis within the test set of infants in the NICU: sensitivity 100%; specificity 80%; percentage of true positives 91%; percentage of true negatives 100%; accuracy (true positives plus true negatives over the totality of patients) 93,3%; and Cohen's kappa index 0,84. CONCLUSION: Context-dependent associative memories can operate as medical expert systems. The model is presented in a simple and tutorial way to encourage straightforward implementations by medical groups. An application with real data, presented as a primary evaluation of the validity and potentiality of the model in medical diagnosis, shows that the model is a highly promising alternative in the development of accuracy diagnostic tools

The Role of Hippocampal Atrophy in Depression: A Neurocomputational Approach

The role of hippocampal atrophy in the pathogenesis of major depression remains under investigation. Here, we show, within a neural network model, that the incorporation of atrophy reproduces the changes observed in cognitive impairment in depression and could also contribute to the maintenance of the depressed mood. Some other clinical observations, such as treatment resistance and frequent relapses of illness, could also be explained within the framework of the model. We also simulate the action of cognitive therapy and a combined treatment of cognitive therapy and antidepressant drugs. Our findings suggest that, in the presence of hippocampal atrophy, the incorporation of antidepressant drugs would be necessary for the reversal of symptomatology