Simulation of Gain flattening 32 channels EDFA-DWDM Optical System

The gain flatness of EDFA plays a very critical role in DWDM system applications in all optical network design. The main purpose of this paper is to achieve gain flatness for 32 channels in order to equalize amplitude gain of DWDM system. This system is simulated using Opti system software to achieve gain flatness of EDFA through variation of EDFA pump power and input power of system. The gains are flattened within 41±0.9 dB from Wavelength range 1546 to 1560 nm having noise figure less than 8dB, Optimized EDFA fiber length of 6.245 m and frequency spacing between channels is 0.4 nm simultaneously amplified in a EDFA of single stage. The working model consists of WDM transmitter , MUX, Pump laser, dual port WDM analyzer and EDFA as key component

Prevalence of Dyskinesia and OFF by 30-Minute Intervals Through the Day and Assessment of Daily Episodes of Dyskinesia and OFF: Novel Analyses of Diary Data from Gocovri Pivotal Trials.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson\u27s disease (PD) patients using levodopa commonly develop dyskinesia and OFF episodes that reduce quality of life. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate prevalence of troublesome dyskinesia and OFF through the day, assessed by 30-minute intervals, as well as the mean number and duration of troublesome dyskinesia and OFF episodes, transitions between PD states, and effects of Gocovri® (amantadine) extended release capsules on these episodes. METHODS: Evaluate diary data from pooled Gocovri phase 3, placebo-controlled trials-analyzed for 17 hours following wake-up-at baseline and week 12. RESULTS: Diaries were evaluable for 162 patients. At baseline, 67% of patients woke up OFF, with prevalence decreasing to 13% at 2 hours and then remaining relatively steady at ∼12% (range, 6-17%) across half-hour intervals thereafter. Troublesome dyskinesia prevalence rose steadily from 5% to 24% over the first 2 hours, then fluctuated between 20% and 44% through the rest of the waking day. At baseline, patients experienced a mean of 3.0 daily episodes of troublesome dyskinesia (average duration 2.0 hours each), and 2.2 daily episodes of OFF (average duration 1.1 hour each). At week 12, Gocovri-treated patients showed greater reductions than placebo in troublesome dyskinesia and OFF episodes per day (treatment difference: -1.0 episodes and -0.4 episodes, respectively) and average episode duration (treatment difference: -0.6 hours and -0.3 hours, respectively). Mean duration of individual episodes of ON without troublesome dyskinesia (Good ON) increased by 5.0 hours for Gocovri, compared with 2.0 hours for placebo. Patients taking Gocovri experienced 2.2 fewer transitions between states than patients taking placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Troublesome dyskinesia and OFF occurred in the morning and throughout the waking day. Gocovri-treated patients experienced fewer, shorter episodes of both troublesome dyskinesia and OFF, thereby increasing the duration of continuous Good ON episodes and reducing the frequency of transitions between motor states

The Use of Revision Version of Archiving Interactive Digital Book Based on the Curriculum 2013 in Vocational School

Information and communication technology has a large potency to help teachers and students to in a successful learning. The implementation of revision version of curriculum 2013 based digital book in school should include need analysis, preparing the necessary need, designing learning model and its development. The use of revision version of the curriculum 2013 based digital book is a decision made by teachers based on learning design. Considering a survey conducted, it can be found that there has be no archiving book corresponding to the revision version of 2013 curriculum. The use of revision version of curriculum 2013 based digital book is expected to improve the students' learning interest and to optimize the teachers' role as learning designer and mediator

Plant growth promoting traits of psychrotolerant bacteria: A boon for agriculture in hilly terrains

Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are well known to promote plant growth in a number of ways. It is important to study plant growth promoting potential of bacteria capable of growing in extreme environments to establish their role in promoting agricultural yield under harsh conditions. Psychrophilic or psychrotolerant bacteria with plant growth promoting traits may improve the quality of agricultural practices in hilly terrain. The agricultural importance of such microbes stems from the fact that the world over temperate agro-ecosystems are characterized by low temperatures and short growing seasons that subject both plant and microbial life to cold temperature induced stress. Hence, there is a need to identify potential microbes that retain their functional traits under low temperature conditions. Such microbes can be used to enhance the agricultural yields in low temperature areas of the world. This review describes plant growth promoting activities identified in cold adapted bacteria

Potential for the psychrophilic anaerobic treatment of swine manure using a sequencing batch reactor

. 1997. Potential for the psychrophilic anaerobic treatment of swine manure using a sequencing batch reactor. Can. Agric. Eng. 39:025-034. The feasibility of psychrophilic anaerobic digestion (PAD) in intermittently fed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) was investigated during the start-up run of an ongoing laboratory study. The start-up run results indicated that PAD in SBRs was efficient in stabilizing and deodorizing swine manure slurry. The digester effluents had little odour when compared to the raw manure. Total chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced by 58 to 73% and soluble COD (SCOD) by 85 to 96%. Methane production varied from 0.30 to 0.66 L CH4/g volatile solids added and methane concentration in the biogas ranged from 50 to 80%. The biog<ls production rate continued to increase even when concentrations of acetic acid and ammonia nitrogen were as high as 5500 mg/L and 3700 mg/L, respectively. Keywords: anaerobic digestion, swine manure, biogas, manure treatment, psychrophilic process, anaerobic treatment. Cet article presente les resultats preliminaires du projet d'etude sur la digestion anaerobie en condition psychrophile dans un bioreacteur it operation sequentielle. Les resultats experimentaux ont demontre que cette nouvelle technologie desodorise et stabilise Ie lisier de porco Le lisier traite est presque inodore comparativement au lisier de porc brut: La demande chimique en oxygene totale a ele reduite de 58 it 73%. La demande en oxygene chimique soluble a subit une forte diminution variant de 85 it 96%. La production de methane etait de 0.30 it 0.66 litre de CH4 par gramme de solides volatiles alimentes aux bio-reacteurs. La concentration du methane dans Ie biogaz variait entre 50 et 80%. Ce procede est tres stable, il n'est pas affecte par des concentrations elevees d'acide acetique (5500 mg/l) et ammoniac (3700 mg/l)

Multi-Year Application of Dairy Slurry on Grassland: Effects on Crop, Soil Biota, Soil Nutrients, and N\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3eO Emission

The long-term effects of using manure as the principal nutrient source in intensive crop production systems are not well known. This paper reports on the effects of multi-year application of fertilizer or dairy slurry on a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) sward. Slurry sustained greater grass yield than chemical fertilizer. Unlike fertilizer, slurry supplied 70 to 120 kg N/ha one year after application but little after one year; 4-years of manure applications built up the stable organic matter pool in the soil. Manure-N was less prone to leaching but more prone to N2O emissions than fertilizer-N. Manured soils had considerably more biological activity than fertilized soils. High rates of manure application increased soil P

Reported exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and relative perceived importance of different settings for SARS-CoV-2 acquisition in England and Wales: Analysis of the Virus Watch Community Cohort [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

We aimed to assess the relative importance of different settings for SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a large community cohort based on perceived location of infection for self-reported confirmed SARS-COV-2 cases. We demonstrate the importance of home, work and education as perceived venues for transmission. In children, education was most important and in older adults essential shopping was of high importance. Our findings support public health messaging about infection control at home, advice on working from home and restrictions in different venues

Household overcrowding and risk of SARS-CoV-2: analysis of the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study in England and Wales

Background: Household overcrowding is associated with increased risk of infectious diseases across contexts and countries. Limited data exist linking household overcrowding and risk of COVID-19. We used data collected from the Virus Watch cohort to examine the association between overcrowded households and SARS-CoV-2. // Methods: The Virus Watch study is a household community cohort of acute respiratory infections in England and Wales. We calculated overcrowding using the measure of persons per room for each household. We considered two primary outcomes: PCR-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We used mixed-effects logistic regression models that accounted for household structure to estimate the association between household overcrowding and SARS-CoV-2 infection. // Results: 26,367 participants were included in our analyses. The proportion of participants with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result was highest in the overcrowded group (9.0%; 99/1,100) and lowest in the under-occupied group (4.2%; 980/23,196). In a mixed-effects logistic regression model, we found strong evidence of an increased odds of a positive PCR SARS-CoV-2 antigen result (odds ratio 2.45; 95% CI:1.43–4.19; p-value=0.001) and increased odds of a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody result in individuals living in overcrowded houses (3.32; 95% CI:1.54–7.15; p-value<0.001) compared with people living in under-occupied houses. // Conclusion: Public health interventions to prevent and stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2 should consider the risk of infection for people living in overcrowded households and pay greater attention to reducing household transmission