PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF NANODOSIMETRY IN MEDICINE

The grandiose promises made decades ago of cost reduction, miracle cures for cancers and universal availability of nanomedicine are still a far cry. Even we do not have any viable model to exploit nanotechnology in medicine. The most important arena of the nanotechnology is the development of nanoscale drugs for routine clinical practice. The current chemo protocols are based on maximum tolerable dose philosophy. Such a dose, when translated into active nanoscale clusters, quantitatively outnumbers the cells in an average human body. These nanoscale drug issues are discussed in this paper. A theoretical framework for commonly used drug aspirin has been considered as an example. The possible quantum physical effects have also been theoretically evaluated. Further, the amount of drug molecules in a standardized aspirin dose of 100 milligram has been computed into nanoclusters. The calculations show that the processing of nanoscale drug is a monumental task which requires new types of manufacturing facilities. Also there is a need to develop new protocols which will help realize the practical implementation of nanodosimetry in day to day drug administrations. These protocols will need to examine the implications of dose-responses such as necrosis, apoptosis and hormesis in medicine for routine clinical practice

Confronting the opioid crisis: Practical pain management and strategies: AOA 2018 critical issues symposium

The United States is in the midst of an opioid crisis. Clinicians have been part of the problem because of overprescribing of narcotics for perioperative pain management. Clinicians need to understand the pathophysiology and science of addiction to improve perioperative management of pain for their patients. Multiple modalities for pain management exist that decrease the use of narcotics. Physical strategies, cognitive strategies, and multimodal medication can all provide improved pain relief and decrease the use of narcotics. National medical societies are developing clinical practice guidelines for pain management that incorporate multimodal strategies and multimodal medication. Changes to policy that improve provider education, access to naloxone, and treatment for addiction can decrease narcotic misuse and the risk of addiction

Is healthcare a "necessity" or "luxury"? An empirical evidence from public and private sector analyses of South-East Asian countries?

South-East Asian Regional (SEAR) countries range from low- to middle-income countries and have considerable differences in mix of public and private sector expenditure on health. This study intends to estimate the income-elasticities of healthcare expenditure in public and private sectors separately for investigating whether healthcare is a "necessity" or "luxury" for citizens of these countries. Panel data from 9 SEAR countries over 16 years (1995-2010) were employed. Fixed- and random-effect models were fitted to estimate income-elasticity of public, private and total healthcare expenditure. Results showed that one percent point increase in GDP per capita increased private expenditure on healthcare by 1.128%, while public expenditure increased by only 0.412%. Inclusion of three-year lagged variables of GDP per capita in the models did not have remarkable influence on the findings. The citizens of SEAR countries consider healthcare as a necessity while provided through public sector and a luxury when delivered by private sector. By increasing the public provisions of healthcare, more redistribution of healthcare resources can be ensured, which can accelerate the journey of SEAR countries towards universal health coverage

Effect of integrated approach of plant nutrients on yield and yield attributes of different crops in wheat-sesame-T. Aman cropping pattern

The experiment was carried out at FSRD site, Pushpopara, Pabna, during November, 2010 to December, 2011 to observe the comparative performance of integrated plant nutrients management (IPNS) system through the use of organic (cowdung, cowdung slurry) manure and inorganic fertilizer on wheat, sesame and T. Aman crops under wheat-sesame-T. Aman cropping pattern. The experiment was consisted with four treatments viz. T1: Soil test based inorganic fertilizer dose for high yield goal, T2: Cowdung @ 5 t ha-1 + IPNS basis inorganic fertilizer dose for high yield goal, T3: Cowdung slurry @ 5 t ha-1 + IPNS basis inorganic fertilizer dose for high yield goal and T4: Fertilizer dose usually practiced by the farmers. In case of wheat, the highest grain yield (3.80 t ha-1) was obtained from bio-slurry treated plot that means T3 treatment followed by T2 and the lowest (3.31 t ha-1) from T4. Higher seed yield (1.31 t ha-1) of sesame was obtained from T3 that was statistically identical to T2 and T1 and the lower (1.01 t ha-1) from T4. For T. Aman rice, the highest grain yield (4.89 t ha-1) was obtained from T3 which was statistically indistinguishable from T1 where as the lowest grain yield (4.1 t ha-1) was recorded from T4. Considering the whole pattern, it is observed that the highest gross return (271100 Tk ha-1) was obtained from T3 followed by T2 and the lowest (225650 Tk ha-1) from T1 treatment. Total variable cost was recorded as the highest (100368 Tk ha-1) in T2 followed by T3 and the lowest (86775 Tk ha-1) in T4 treatment. The highest marginal value of product (45450 Tk ha-1) was recorded in T3 followed by T2 where as the minimum (28710 Tk ha-1) was found in T1 over the T4 treatment. Marginal variable cost was observed as the highest (13593 Tk ha-1) in T2 treatment followed by T3 and the minimum (8899 Tk ha-1) was recorded in T1 treatment. The highest MBCR (4.15) was recorded from T3 followed by T2 and the minimum (2.31) from T2 treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v3i2.17847 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 3 (2): 66-71, December, 201

State of Monitoring and Supervision in Primary Education at Upazila Level in Bangladesh

Primary Education is a basic education for all, monitored by different agencies at the Upazila level to ensure quality. The researcher aims to explore overall monitoring and supervision scenario in primary Education at the Upazila level to ensure quality primary Education. The study used mixed methods with an explanatory sequential design and mostly qualitative approach. It focuses on Upazila Education Office, and other assigned primary Education related organizations and offices; Charghat of Rajshahi and Sundargonj of Gaibandha had been selected as the study area to observe what they, UEO and AUEO of these areas could do and what they are doing in reality. Through different interviews, questionnaire surveys and document reviews, the researcher has explored the scenario of these offices and officers and made some suggestions to ensure quality primary Education in Bangladesh

Street Vending as an Alternative to Self-employment and a Way to Income Generation in Bangladesh

This study aimed at visualizing the role of the street vendors as a way to self-employment and income generation in Bangladesh. It was based on the survey of 152 street vendors in different areas of Dhaka. It administered a well structured questionnaire to collect the primary information and to picture the overall street vending scenario in order to show the contribution of the street vendors in self-employment and income generation of Bangladesh. The findings of the study showed that the street vendors are playing a significant role in the economic development of the country through creating the self-employment opportunities, income generation and saving a specific portion from among their income. Since for this street vending, both the vendors and the local community faced several problems the paper finally suggested that, a well management and formalization system of street vending can enrich the overall street vending scenario of the city and can bring a good prospect for the economy. Keywords: Street vendors, street vending, street vending scenario, social status

Antimicrobial, hemolytic and thrombolytic activities of some new N-substituted-2-({5-[(1E,3E)F-4-(1,3-benzodioxol- 5-yl)-1,3-butadienyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}sulfanyl) propanamides

Purpose: To synthesize and evaluate the bioactivity of some N-substituted-2-({5-[(1E,3E)-4-(1,3- benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3-butadienyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}sulfanyl)propanamides (9a-o) of the alkaloid piperine (1) extracted from P. nigrum (black pepper).Methods: Extract 1 was subjected to basic hydrolysis to obtain piperic acid (2). The heterocyclic 1,3,4- oxadiazole ring was synthesized from 2 through the formation of an ester and carbohydrazide. A series of electrophiles, 8a-o, were synthesized in the presence of 10 % Na2CO3. The final compounds, 9a-o, were synthesized by stirring 5-[(1E,3E)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3-butadienyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiol (5) and 8a-o in LiH/DMF. Spectral analysis was performed using infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) to determine the structures of 9a-o. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated as zone of inhibition by disc diffusion method. Hemolytic and thrombolytic activities were determined by measuring absorbance before and after incubation of blood cells with test compound.Results: Compound 9d strongly inhibited Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli with zone of inhibition values of 16 mm for each. The reference drug, rifampicin, showed zone of inhibition of 21 and 23 mm against B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. Compound 9a strongly inhibited Aspergillus niger with a zone of inhibition of 18 mm compared to the reference drug, fluconazole, with a zone of inhibition of 19mm.Conclusion: The newly synthesized compounds are more active antimicrobial agents than piperine. Compounds 9a and 9d are the most active.Keywords: Piper nigrum, Piperine, Propanamide, Hemolytic, Thrombolytic, Black peppe

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) OUTBREAK IN AFGHAN SHEEP IN PAKISTAN

Epidemiological and virological investigations were carried out during an outbreak of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Afghan (Bulkhi) sheep in Pakistan. The overall morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 41.0, 1.2 and 3.0%, respectively. The epidemic curve was plotted and the values for basic reproductive number (R0) and herd immunity threshold (HIT) for the affected flock were estimated to be 6.85 and 85.4%, respectively. The morbid material analysis by immuno-capture ELISA (Ic-ELISA) and haemagglutination assay (HA) revealed the presence of PPR virus. The PPR virus was isolated and identified through cytopathic effects, Ic-ELISA and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)