Pros and cons of different therapeutic antibody formats for recombinant antivenom development.

Antibody technologies are being increasingly applied in the field of toxinology. Fuelled by the many advances in immunology, synthetic biology, and antibody research, different approaches and antibody formats are being investigated for the ability to neutralize animal toxins. These different molecular formats each have their own therapeutic characteristics. In this review, we provide an overview of the advances made in the development of toxin-targeting antibodies, and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of different antibody formats in relation to their ability to neutralize toxins, pharmacokinetic features, propensity to cause adverse reactions, formulation, and expression for research and development (R&D) purposes and large-scale manufacturing. A research trend seems to be emerging towards the use of human antibody formats as well as camelid heavy-domain antibody fragments due to their compatibility with the human immune system, beneficial therapeutic properties, and the ability to manufacture these molecules cost-effectively

Wplyw temperatury na przezywalnosc paleczek Salmonella w osadach sciekowych

Badania wykazały, że najdłużej przeżywały pałeczki S. senftenberg w temperaturze 4°C. Dzienny czas przeżycia określony na podstawie równań prostych regresji był zbliżony dla obydwóch rodzajów osadów i wynosił od 28,13 do 28,33. W temperaturze 20°C pałeczki były izolowane przez 24,87 dni w osadzie po fermentacji kwaśnej, natomiast w osadzie fermentacji metanowej izolowano je 26,13 dni. Szybkość obumierania komórek Salmonella w temperaturze 30°C wynosiła-0,74 log/dzień (osad po fermentacji kwaśnej) i -0,87 log/dzień (osad po fermentacji metanowej), natomiast w temperaturze 40°C tempo eliminacji pałeczek Salmonella wynosiło odpowiednio -1,39 i -1,57 log/dzień, przy wysoko istotnych współczynnikach korelacji.The research indicates that the rods of S. senftenberg at 4°C survived for the longest time. Daily survival time determined on the basis of regression line equations was similar for both types of sludge and varied from 28.13 to 28.33. At 20°C the rods were isolated for 24.87 days in the sludge after acid fermentation, while in the sludge of methane fermentation they were isolated for 26.13 days. Elimination rate of Salmonella cells at 30°C amounted to -0.74 log/day (sludge after acid fermentation) and -0.87 log/day (sludge after methane fermentation), while at 40°C the elimination rate of Salmonella rods amounted to -1.39 and -1.57 log/day, respectively, with highly significant correlation coefficients

Lactic Acid Bacteria in Durum Wheat Flour Are Endophytic Components of the Plant during Its Entire Life Cycle

This study aimed at assessing the dynamics of lactic acid bacteria and other Firmicutes associated with durum wheat organs and processed products. 16S rRNA gene-based high-throughput sequencing showed that Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus were the main epiphytic and endophytic genera among lactic acid bacteria. Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Paenibacillus, and Staphylococcus completed the picture of the core genus microbiome. The relative abundance of each lactic acid bacterium genus was affected by cultivars, phenological stages, other Firmicutes genera, environmental temperature, and water activity (aw) of plant organs. Lactobacilli, showing the highest sensitivity to aw, markedly decreased during milk development (Odisseo) and physiological maturity (Saragolla). At these stages, Lactobacillus was mainly replaced by Streptococcus, Lactococcus, and Enterococcus. However, a key sourdough species, Lactobacillus plantarum, was associated with plant organs during the life cycle of Odisseo and Saragolla wheat. The composition of the sourdough microbiota and the overall quality of leavened baked goods are also determined throughout the phenological stages of wheat cultivation, with variations depending on environmental and agronomic factors