Study on Forward Chaining and Reverse Chaining in Expert System

Expert systems are part of a general category of computer applications known as intelligence. Expert system are designed to solve complex problems. Expert Systems is a branch of AI designed to work within a particular domain. To solve expert-level problems, expert systems will need efficient access to a substantial domain knowledge base, and a reasoning mechanism to apply the knowledge to the problems they are given. Usually they will also need to be able to explain, to the users who rely on them, how they have reached their decisions. As an expert is a person who can solve a problem with the domain knowledge. This research paper introduces introduction, parts, application of expert system. and difference between forward chaining and Backward chaining and Exactly meaning of Chaining. ETL tools uses functionality to extract, transform and load data from one system into another system, but our expert advises they're not optimal for application-to-application communication. In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. The AI technology has become really advanced and its only matter of time when the machines will be able to learn almost anything. The machine learning algorithms are already very smart, however the Processing power has been a challenge in last decade .Now with the big data and distributed computing revolution this problem has become easy to solve. Many programmers and developers can start programming their own robots and other gadgets on their own. Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving

Asynchronous multiuser decorrelating detector for AWGN channel

Decorrelating detector is one of the sub-optimum detectors for CDMA applications that generally has better performance than the conventional detector and is near-far resistant. Synchronous decorrelating detector employing DPSK modulation is considered and its simulation results are presented. Attention is focussed on one-shot decorrelating detector for a two user case for asynchronous transmission, where each symbol interval is considered seperately. Initially the performance of the detector with exact estimation of the relative delay is analyzed and then the effect of inaccurate estimation on the probability of error is discussed

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF AYURVEDIC DRUGS (BHASMAS) BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER

Objective: Ayurvedic drugs/bhasmas are very potent and promising drugs for the treatment of various ailments. Bhasmas are the multielement samples, and the present work deals the analysis of the concentration of metallic elements in three ayurvedic bhasmas of four different brands, to compare and know the quality of commercial bhasma in market. Methods: Commercially available abhraka bhasma (AB), mandoor bhasma (MB), and godanti bhasma (GB) in market from four different manufacturing companies were procured, and bhasma sample solution was prepared to analyze the elemental concentrations in bhasma; the solution is subjected to flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) technique and determined elemental concentration in bhasmas of four different commercial brands. Results: FAAS analysis explores the presence of Mg, Al, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Cd elements’ concentration in three bhasmas/drugs by four manufacturers. AB is rich in Al and Fe following the other elements in low concentrations, MB is rich in Fe, Ca, Mn, Cu, K, and Al and other elements are present in less quantity, and GB is rich in Ca and all other elements were very less in quantity. Conclusion: FAAS analysis showed that there is a difference in quantity/concentration of elements present in bhasma, aluminum (Al) is found high in Patanjali brand bhasmas compared to other three brands, and the toxic metal cadmium (Cd) is found in Dhootapapeshwar mandoor bhasma (DMB) (0.0458 mg/l), except DMB, all bhasmas found free from toxic metals, which reveal that there is a variation in quality of bhasmas from different manufacturers, and the elements present in bhasmas are found to be in permissible range for human intakes. As the mineral elements are essential in human diet, if the amount of any elements becomes too high in body, then it can affect the functioning of other important minerals in body causing the severe health problems, so it is must, to balance all nutrients in human diet, either through food or medicines. Hence, the present analysis work focuses on the variation of concentrations of elements present in bhasma of different manufacturers, which will help in practitioners to compare and refer good quality bhasmas or drugs in terms of their ingredients/elements, which plays a major role in functioning of human body normally. Further work is necessary to carry out on bhasmas and ayurvedic formulations in order to get good of diet supplementation

Are Crops Still Profitable in Cauvery River Basin of Karnataka?

The study attempts to estimate the profitability of crops cultivated in Cauvery river basin of Karnataka. The study uses primary data pertaining to Mandya district, which is the major beneficiary of the Krishna Raja Sagara (KRS) Project of Cauvery basin for irrigation purpose. For this study, 120 farm households were selected through appropriate sampling procedure. The data thus collected were processed using statistical tools including descriptive analytical tools, Cobb-Douglas Production Function and Garrett ranking method. The results revealed that, in the study area, sugarcane was the most profitable crop with a mean net returns of ` 1,47,288 per ha and a benefit-cost ratio of 2.02. The corresponding figures for paddy were ` 31,342 per ha and 1.52, while for ragi, they were ` 3,159 per ha and 1.12. Over the last decade, maize, banana, sesamum and coconut have gained importance as indicated by their significant positive high compound annual growth rates in cropped area, which is a desirable change replacing the age-old monotonous sugarcane-paddy cropping system. Labour scarcity and high wage rate were the serious problems faced by the sample respondents in crop production. Amongst the irrigation related problems, untimely and inadequate release of water from the dam for irrigation purposes and sedimentation in canals and tanks were the most serious ones, which needs the attention of the policy makers on priority basis, in order to have a sustainable crop production system in the region

Correlations and Event-by-Event Fluctuations in High Multiplicity Events Produced in 208^{208}Pb-208^{208}Pb Collisions

Analysis of high multiplicity events produced in 158A GeV/c $^{208}$Pb-$^{208}$Pb collisions is carried out to study the event-by-event fluctuations. The findings reveal that the method of scaled factorial moments can be used to identify the events having densely populated narrow phase space bins. A few events sorted out adopting this approach are individually analyzed. It is observed that these events do exhibit large fluctuations in their pseudorapidity, $\eta$ and azimuthal angle, $\phi$ distributions arising out due to some dynamical reasons. Two particle $\Delta\eta$-$\Delta\phi$ correlation study applied to these events too indicates that some complex two-dimensional structure of significantly high magnitude are present in these events which might have some dynamical origin. The findings reveal that the method of scaled factorial moments may be used as an effective triggering for events with large dynamical fluctuations.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures (Accepted for publication in Advances in High Energy Physics

Effect of salinity stress on phytochemical characteristics of Centella asiatica

Salinity is one of the predominant abiotic stresses which affects plant growth by inducing excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to oxidative damage of plant cells. Plants alleviate salinity stress by regulating intracellular concentrations of various phytochemicals like phenol, tannin, antioxidants, etc. The present work aimed to study the impact of salt stress on the production of various phytochemicals like phenol, tannin, flavonoids, antioxidants, total protein content, etc. The Salt stress response of the test plant Centella asiatica was studied by irrigating variant concentrations (50mM, 100mm, 150mm, 200mM, 250mm) of salt (NaCl). The phytochemical activity of the plants grown under salinity stress was estimated by using an appropriate biochemical assay. Comparative analysis of the photochemical activity of the test plants in comparison with the control revealed that various phytochemicals were increased in response to salt stress. Salt stress increased the levels of antioxidants from 10.79 to 14.31 μg/ml), phenol from 30.8 to 43.3 in μg/ml, flavonoids (from 490 to 683.33 in μg/ml), tannin from 55.5 to 64.5 in μg/ml, and proteins from 5720 to 6080 in μg/ml in the C. asiatica plants. To sum up, salt stress elicited phytochemical accumulation in the C. asiatica plant, thereby improving the plant's growth by enhancing its resistance to salt stress. This finding may play an important role in the sustainable cultivation of commercially important crops like C. asiatica

Labor Unemployment Risk and Corporate Financing Decisions

This paper examines the impact of labor unemployment risk on corporate financing decisions. Theory suggests that firms choose conservative financial policies partly as a means of mitigating worker exposure to unemployment risk. Using changes in state unemployment insurance benefit laws as a source of variation in the costs borne by workers during layoff spells, we explore the connection between unemployment risk and the corporate financing decisions of public firms in the United States. We find that increases in legally mandated unemployment benefits lead to increases in corporate leverage. The impact of reduced unemployment risk on financial policy is especially strong for firms that have greater layoff separation rates, labor intensity, and financing constraints. The estimated premium required to compensate workers for unemployment risk due to financial distress is about 57 basis points of firm value for a BBB-rated firm. These findings suggest that labor market frictions have a significant impact on corporate financing decisions

Role of Satvavajaya Chikitsa in the management of Depression in current scenario

Mental health is the state of Emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel and act, it also determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Swastha is defined as “Sama Dosha Samaagnischa Sama Dhatu Mala Kriyaaha Prasanna Atma Indriya Manaha Swata Ityabhidiyate”which highlights the importance of mental health for a healthy individual. Depression is mental health disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life. At its worst, depression can lead to suicide, over 8,00,000 people die due to suicide every year. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in 15-29 year olds. It is considered as“Vishada” a condition originated from apprehension of failure resulting in incapability of mind and body to function properly.Chikitsa is broadly classified into 3 categories - Daivavyapashraya, Yuktivyapashraya and Satvavajaya. Satvavajaya is achieved by adopting “Ahitebyo Arthebyo Manonigraha”. Satvavajaya Chikitsa plays an important role in Manasika Vyadhis. It is Adravya Bhoota Chikitsa by this one can easily overcome depression

A CRITICAL STUDY ON HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF YOGA DARSHANA AND AYURVEDA

Darshana Shastra is the outcome of comprehensive perception of nature, which explains and narrate the state of human existence. Darshanas and Ayurveda both are having same source that is Veda. Objectives of Ayurveda is to accomplish the physical, mental, social and spiritual well being by adopting the preventive and promotive approach as well as treating the diseases with various remissive approaches. Darshanas are the path to get free from miseries and to attain ultimate happiness i.e., Moksha which is the goal of life. Yoga Darshana is one of the oldest practices of Hindu tradition which is considered as path for Moksha. Tattvas of Yoga Darshana are merely influenced on Ayurveda. So, it is a need of hour to study the historical background of Yoga Darshana and some Sanskrit scholars explains that, Praneta of Charaka Samhita, Mahabhashya and Yoga Shastra was the same person. This paper throws a light on critical analysis of Charaka and Patanjali