The Proximate Composition and Sensory Evaluation of the Flours of Breadfruit (artocarpus altilis), Benth Seed (adenopus breviflorus) and their Composite Bread.

The proximate composition and sensory evaluation of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), benth seed (Adenopus breviflorus) and wheat flour (Triticum aestivum) were analysed. The proximate composition of the seed flour revealed that breadfruit flour had the lowest protein content (6.35%) while benth seed flour had the highest protein content of 28.37%. The percentage ash and crude fibre were high in breadfruit and benth seed when compared with wheat flour. The highest value for crude fat was recorded in benth seed flour (47.60%). However, the protein and fat content of the bread produced increased with increase in the level of substitution of the non-wheat flour. The sensory evaluation also revealed that wheat flour can be substituted with breadfruit or benth seed flour up to 20 % level without any significant difference in taste, appearance and colour of the resulting composite bread and that of the commercially available bread but their flavours and textures were quite different at all levels of substitution. Keywords:  Proximate composition, Sensory evaluation

The Social Use of Batonu Personal Names

Previous researchers on the use of Batonu personal names argue that there are different categories of Batonu names and using thirty (30) respondents, the researchers submit that the use of Muslim names has replaced the use of Batonu native names in all domains. However, the present study, using three hundred (300) respondents, visited the study area and identifies names that are used as personal names among the Batonu people. It also examines the social use of the names in formal and informal domains. The research adopted the theory of Domains  of language use by Ferguson (1966). Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data on the various uses of personal names in intra and inter group interactions. There were three findings. Some showed names that were drawn from Islam and Christianity. Some names were also drawn from Batonu native names. Two domains of name usage have been identified. The informal domains consisted of home/community, peer-group and play ground. The formal ones comprised school, places of worship, certificates, wedding cards, almanacs and work places. It is evident that the Batonu native names are still frequently used with foreign or Christian and Muslim names in formal and in informal domains although with different degrees of use. This present study has shown that although a foreign culture may have an overwhelming influence over an indigenous culture, it does not mean that the indigenous culture will not thrive especially if the indigenous culture has traditional activities that can help sustain it

Geological Characterization of Azara Barite Mineralization, Middle Benue Trough Nigeria

The Azara Barites Mineralization in The Middle Benue Trough Occurs as Vein Infilling Materials associated with Lead-Zinc Lodes. A Fracture Formed as Single Linear Structures with thickness of  generally not more than 0.5m. The Geological Characterization of The Azara Barite Deposits which Include; Geotechnical, Petrological And Geochemistry Were Studied Within The Four (4) Selected  Veins Samples: V1 N (08020’40.6’’) E (0090 17’21.3’’) V 12 N(08021’59.0’’) E(009021’13.6’’) V13 N(08021’44.0’’) E (009021’14.6’’) V17 N(08022’27.1’’) E(0090 17’31.7’’). Soluble Alkaline Earth Metal Test (100mg/L) Indicate Presence of Calcium or  Magnesium which is Good for  Drilling Fluid, Hardness Capacity of  the Veins Mineralization ranges From 3.0 to 3.5 with an average Specific Gravity of 4.2. this classify the Veins as a High Grade Barite. Fluid Performance was Measured based on Yield Point and Plastic Viscosity which is high even at aging and at high Temperature. Quantitative Mineralogical Analysis reveals Barite as the Main Mineral with an  average  of 92 Wt.%   and Quartz as an associated Minerals with average  of  8wt.%.The Mineralogy revealed a Mineralization with One of the purest Veins and less  Number of Impurity, the Colour Index  Criteria also classify the Veins to be Melanocratic (60-90).The Elemental Composition of the Veins show  classes of Major Elements with average weight Percentage of greater than 1% (Sio2, SO3, Bao , Sro,) also  reveal  the Veins Are Oversaturated Based on The Composition of Sio2 And Metaluminous Group ( K2O+Na2O+Ca2>Al2O3>Na2O+K2O) With Modal Minerals Of Feldspar and Normative Minerals of Anorthite + Diopside. These have contributed to the grade and value of Azara Barite Mineralization Veins  and its Purity and Quality for Exploration Purposes. Keywords: Barite, Mineralization, Quartz,Benue Trough,Petrology,Veins,Azar

An architectural-based approach to detecting spim in electronic means of communication

Spams are what users and developers should be aware of in all Internet-based communication tools (such as e-mail, websites, Social Networking Sites (SNS), instant messengers and so on). This is because spammers have not ceased from using these platforms to deceive and lure users into releasing vibrant and sensitive information (especially, financial details). This paper developed an architectural based technique for SPIM (Instant Message Spam or IM SPAM) detection using the classification method. The classification was done using the C4.5 classifier with a dataset of messages gotten from an instant messaging environment. The dataset served as the input to the classification algorithm method which was able to distinguish spam from non-spam messages. This classification method was depicted in a tree form to show its usefulness. The results show that its precision, recall and accuracy rate satisfied standard recommendation with a commendable error rate. The proposed technique will find implication in the reduction of the number of Internet users.Keywords: Social Networking sites, spammers, Instant message spam, C4.5 Classifiers, e-mails

Geoelectric Investigation Of Araromi Area Of Akure, Southwestern Nigeria

Geoelectric resistivity sounding has been carried out at Araromi area, Akure, southwest Nigeria, an area underlain by Basement complex rocks. Eighteen wenner vertical electrical sounding were carried out along six traverses. Three geologic units which are Topsoil/Laterite, weathered Basement and fresh Basement were identified. Isopach, corrosivity, total longitudinal conductance, iso-resistivity and coefficient of anisotropy maps were generated from the combination of the first and second order geoelectric parameters. Isopach map of overburden revealed bedrock depressions, which serve  as groundwater collection center. The longitudinal conductance map enabled the classification of the area into zones of good (0.7-1.0),moderate (0.2-0.65) an weak protective capacity(0.15).The results not only reasonably provide a basis for which groundwater potential zones were appraised for safety in case industrial facilities are planned for the area but also present environmental factors that should be considered at planning stages of residential and industrial estates. Key words:Geoelectric,Resistivity,Sounding,Parameters,Basement,groundwater,Environmental

Causes of Borehole Failure in Complex Basement Terrains: ABUAD Case Study, Southwestern Nigeria

A preliminary assessment of primary causes of borehole failure has being conducted using Afe Babalola University as a case study. A total of fourteen boreholes (namely borehole 1-14) were studied, vertical electrical soundings, depth sounding, flushing and pump testing were conducted on each of the boreholes to establish their status at the time of the study and possible evaluation of the groundwater potential of the wells. Four out of the fourteen boreholes (borehole 1-4) are productive and in-use, while the remaining ten (borehole 5-14) are out-of-use and abandoned for various. The productive holes were able to support continuous flow of water for over 3 hours without drop in volume of water flow. Seven of the holes (boreholes 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12 & 14) failed and were abandoned because of low yield (could not flow beyond 5 minutes), while the remaining three (boreholes 7, 10 & 13) failed and were abandoned due to wrong location and improper completion, caving/formation problems, and wrong installation/completion respectively. Proper well completion is essential in areas prone to caving and other formation related problems. Air drilling should be avoided in areas with thick and loose overburden. Right mixture of drilling mud should be applied to secure the hole wall while flushing should be continuous throughout drilling in such formation. Casing should be done immediately and such holes should be lined and grouted. Timers should be installed on low yield wells and regulated/programmed for 5 or 10 minutes flow depending on the recharge rate. Pump rating for installation should be strictly based on well recharge rate. Productive wells should be properly maintained and monitored for optimal performance

Strategic issues in jatropha biofuel enterprise development in Nigeria

In Nigeria today, fossil fuels constitute the major source of energy for the economy with consumption costs in excess of N 654 billion for petrol, N 303.2 billion for diesel and N 194 billion for Kerosene. The global debate on Climate Change/CO 2 emissions and domestic concerns on economic, environmental and energy security implications have necessitated alterative energy options and created opportunities for sustainable biofuel enterprise in Nigeria. Jatropha curcas (known as Lapalapa in Yoruba-speaking parts of Nigeria) is an uncultivated non-food wild-species plant with great potential for bioenergy development in the country. The seeds are resistant to a high degree of aridity and contain 27-40% oil that can be processed to produce a high-quality biodiesel fuel, usable in a standard diesel engine. With estimated diesel demands in Nigeria being 3600-4200 thousand metric tonnes by 2020, there is an expansive opportunity for jatropha biofuel enterprise in the country. This study examines the strategic issues (technological, economic, environmental, and socio-cultural) governing its development and proposes policy recommendations for its successful exploitation

Cadmium (II) Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Onion Skins

Staff PublicationThe potential of onion skins for removal of aqueous Cd(II) was investigated. Onion skin powder was chemically modified using thioglycolic acid to develop a suitable, low-cost, and efficient adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions. Influences of temperature, contact time, initial concentration of Cd(II), adsorbent dosage, and pH on the removal of Cd(II) were probed. Optimal adsorption conditions were found at pH 5 and 4, and at 60- and 30-min equilibrium time for the modified and native onion skins, respectively. The equilibrium process was well described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum Cd(II) adsorption capacities, from the Langmuir model, are 17.86 mg/g (modified) and 21.28 mg/g (native). The adsorption process followed the mechanism of physisorption. Pseudo second-order rate equation fitted the kinetic data better than the pseudo first-order rate equation for the two adsorbents. Thermodynamic parameters, such as standard free energy change (ΔG°), standard enthalpy change (ΔH°), and standard entropy change (ΔS°), were calculated for adsorption experimental studies. The results showed that the adsorption of Cd(II) on native/unmodified and modified onion skins was a feasible process and exothermic under the studied conditions. The Cd(II) adsorbed was efficiently desorbed from adsorbent using 0.3 M HCl

Sequestration of Aqueous Lead(II) Using Modified and Unmodified Red Onion Skin

Staff PublicationThe efficacy of onion skins, both unmodified and chemically modified with thioglycolic acid, was investigated as alternative low-cost adsorbents for the sequestration of aqueous lead(II) ions from aqueous solution. The adsorbents were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Adsorption experiments were performed using batch sorption processes. The effects of contact time, pH, initial Pb(II) concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature were investigated. Optimum sorption conditions were found at pH 4 and a 150 min equilibrium time for the modified onion skin and unmodified onion skin. The Langmuir, Freundlich, DubininRadushkevich and Temkin models were used to characterize the equilibrium experimental results. The equilibrium process was best described by the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacities of 4.878 and 6.173 mg/g were obtained for modified and unmodified adsorbents, respectively, using the Langmuir model. Kinetic studies indicated that the sorption of Pb(II) ions followed a pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy change (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°), and free energy change (ΔG°) were evaluated from the sorption experimental measurements. The results showed that the sorption process of Pb(II) ions on unmodified and modified onion skins was feasible and exothermic under the conditions used in this study. The sorption process followed the mechanism of physisorption

System Simulation of a Bayesian Network-Based Performance Prediction Model for Data Communication Networks

In this paper, a paradigm of a Bayesian Network–based performance prediction model for computer networks security risk management was emulated. Model simulation was carried out for the prediction model formulated. Java programming language tools were used to simulate, validate and verify the model. The core of simulation program was written in Java programming language. Some jar files were created in the code logic for all the modules in the prediction model. MS-DOS or command prompt was used to compile and run java and jar files. Batch scripts i.e. .bat files were written to compile the jar files. The output of the execution is shown using Java API files. Simulation technology was used in this study to evaluate network performance since it is very costly to deploy a complete test bed containing multiple networked computers, routers and data links to validate and verify the prediction model. The resulting risk impact on network confidentiality, Integrity and availability determine the criticality of the overall network performance which will aid in the effective application of countermeasures to mitigate the effect of network security risks