Vermo-nos, vendo os outros: investigação comparativa de notícias televisivas

Acaba de passar várias horas num avião e, finalmente, deu entrada num hotel num país distante. Se agir como eu, uma das primeiras coisas que fará após pousar a bagagem será ligar a televisão e começar a percorrer os canais. Mais tarde ou mais cedo, começará a passar por um e outro noticiário. E, mesmo que não domine o idioma, ficará convicto de estar a ver as notícias. As notícias televisivas constituem, seguramente, um fenómeno global. De facto, desde o advento da televisão, em meados do século XX, que as notícias constituem um dos seus mais primitivos géneros de conteúdo. E, no entanto, o processo de produção, as tecnologias, os valores jornalísticos e a sofisticação das audiências por todo o mundo têm sofrido constantes avanços e alterações. Consideremos ou não as notícias televisivas como sendo um meio útil de providenciar informação sobre aquilo que se passa a nível local ou mundial, não há dúvida de que a TV constitui ainda a principal fonte de informação para a maioria das pessoas, mesmo com o crescente aumento do número de utilizadores da internet. Inúmeros formatos de noticiários televisivos evoluíram ao longo dos anos: serviços públicos e comerciais; locais e nacionais; gerais e centrados em tópicos específicos (ex: negócios, desporto, etc.); breves boletins informativos e transmissões non-stop de 24 horas diárias. No entanto, não obstante esta variedade, sempre existiram pontos em comum entre todos os formatos, sobretudo se procedermos a uma análise individual de peças noticiosas

Linking Health and HIV/AIDS: Towards a More Holistic Sustainable Tourism Development Model in Barbados

In an effort to shed light on the advantage of including health, and more specifically HIV/AIDS, in the discourse on sustainable tourism development (STD) in small island developing states (SIDS) like Barbados, this research study will examine the extent to which health can impact upon the destination’s sustainability. Using a mixed methods design, data collection will ensue over a five month timeframe, with a dominant quantitative approach which employs a questionnaire to hotel managers and employees as well as an embedded and less dominant qualitative approach where interviews to human resource managers will be conducted. Information gained from the interviews on perceptions of health and HIV/AIDS risk will be used to provide deeper insight into the findings of the correlation analysis which explores the strength of the association between the independent variables health and HIV/AIDS and the dependent variable (STD) operationalized at the two levels of employee and hotel performance

The Television News Interview

It is not a traditional textbook that tries to each interviewing in a “how to do it” sense. It is instead an insightful study of interviewing which provides essential background and understanding for students, researches and the press

Optical vortices of slow light using tripod scheme

We consider propagation, storing and retrieval of slow light (probe beam) in a resonant atomic medium illuminated by two control laser beams of larger intensity. The probe and two control beams act on atoms in a tripod configuration of the light-matter coupling. The first control beam is allowed to have an orbital angular momentum (OAM). Application of the second vortex-free control laser ensures the adiabatic (lossles) propagation of the probe beam at the vortex core where the intensity of the first control laser goes to zero. Storing and release of the probe beam is accomplished by switching off and on the control laser beams leading to the transfer of the optical vortex from the first control beam to the regenerated probe field. A part of the stored probe beam remains frozen in the medium in the form of atomic spin excitations, the number of which increases with increasing the intensity of the second control laser. We analyse such losses in the regenerated probe beam and provide conditions for the optical vortex of the control beam to be transferred efficiently to the restored probe beam.Comment: 2 figure

Sorption of Technetium on Activated Carbon

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Balance Functions, Correlations, Charge Fluctuations and Interferometry

Connections between charge balance functions, charge fluctuations and correlations are presented. It is shown that charge fluctuations can be directly expressed in terms of a balance functions under certain assumptions. The distortion of charge balance functions due to experimental acceptance is discussed and the effects of identical boson interference is illustrated with a simple model.Comment: 1 eps figure included. 5 pages in revtex

Reduced expression of Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to impaired cytokine response of monocytes in uremic patients

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in pathogen recognition and subsequent cytokine synthesis by immune cells. Uremic patients have a high infectious morbidity, but it remains unclear if this arises from the defective innate immune responses related to TLRs. We studied TLR4 expression in monocytes and their intracellular cytokine synthesis in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in 35 predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with or without predisposition to bacterial infections and 16 age-matched controls. Expression of TLR4 in unstimulated peripheral monocytes was determined by staining with anti-TLR4 antibody and analysis with flow cytometry. Monocytes were then stimulated by LPS, labeled with anti-CD14 antibody, and subjected to intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 synthesis was examined in CD14+ monocytes. TLR4 expression was constitutively diminished in CKD patients with reduced expression being more severe in those CKD patients who were predisposed to infections. Monocytes from these infection prone CKD patients exhibited significantly reduced synthesis of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in response to LPS challenge compared with those from control subjects. The intensity of synthesis of each cytokine significantly correlated with TLR4 expression levels in monocytes (P<0.01). The capacity of monocytes to synthesize proinflammatory cytokines was significantly reduced in infection prone CKD patients, and this may possibly be due to the reduced monocyte expression of TLR4. Abnormal TLR4 expression by monocytes may play a role in the susceptibility of such patients to bacterial infections

Lafutidine, a Protective H2 Receptor Antagonist, Enhances Mucosal Defense in Rat Esophagus

Luminal acid or CO2 induces a hyperemic response in the esophagus, via activation of acid sensors on capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves (CSAN). Since disruption of the hyperemic response to luminal CO2 acidifies the interstitium of the esophageal mucosa, the hyperemic response may maintain interstitial pH (pHint). We hypothesized that acid-related hyperemia maintains pHint, preventing acid-induced injury in the esophageal mucosa. We examined the effects of capsaicin (Cap) or lafutidine (Laf), a mucosal protective H2 antagonist, on the regulation of pHint and blood flow in rat esophagus using ratiometric microimaging and laser-Doppler measurements of the lower esophageal mucosa of living rats. The esophagus was topically superfused with pH 7.0 buffer, or a pH 1.0 or pH 1.0 + pepsin (1 mg/ml) solution with or without Laf. Cap (30 or 100 µM) or Laf (0.1 or 1 mM) dose-dependently increased blood flow, accompanied by increased pHint. The pH 1.0 solution increased blood flow without pHint change, whereas Laf (1 mM) increased blood flow and pHint during acid exposure. The effects of Laf were abolished by ablation of CSAN. Perfusion of the acidified pepsin solution gradually decreased pHint, inhibited by Laf perfusion. Activation of CSAN by Laf with or without acid, accompanied by hyperemia, increased pHint, preventing acidified pepsin-induced interstitial acidification. Stimulation of the capsaicin pathway with compounds such as Laf enhances mucosal protection from acid-related injury in the upper gastrointestinal tract

Yang--Mills sphalerons in all even spacetime dimensions d=2kd=2k, k>2k>2 : kk=3,4

The classical solutions to higher dimensional Yang--Mills (YM) systems, which are integral parts of higher dimensional Einstein--YM (EYM) systems, are studied. These are the gravity decoupling limits of the fully gravitating EYM solutions. In odd spacetime dimensions, depending on the choice of gauge group, these are either topologically stable or unstable. Both cases are analysed, the latter numerically only. In even spacetime dimensions they are always unstable, describing saddle points of the energy, and can be described as {\it sphalerons}. This instability is analysed by constructing the noncontractible loops and calculating the Chern--Simons (CS) charges, and also perturbatively by numerically constructing the negative modes. This study is restricted to the simplest YM system in spacetime dimensions $d=6,7,8$, which is amply illustrative of the generic case.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures ; comments added, to appear in J. Phys.

Quantum Fluctuations around the Electroweak Sphaleron

We present an analysis of the quantum fluctuations around the electroweak sphaleron and calculate the associated determinant which gives the 1--loop correction to the sphaleron transition rate. The calculation differs in various technical aspects from a previous analysis by Carson et al. so that it can be considered as independent. The numerical results differ also -- by several orders of magnitude -- from those of this previous analysis; we find that the sphaleron transition rate is much less suppressed than found previously.Comment: DO-TH-93/19 39 pages, 5 figures (available on request as Postscript files or via Fax or mail), LaTeX, no macros neede