Research methods for pharmaceutical practice and policy / edited by Rajender R. Aparasu.

Includes bibliographical references and index.Book fair 2012xxii, 310 p. :This text provides the theory and practice for conducting pharmaceutical policy research. It covers all aspects of scientific research from conceptualising to statistical analysis. It also provides scientific basis and a good understanding of the principles and practice of conducting pharmaceutical policy research

Highly heterogeneous diazotroph communities in the Kuroshio Current and the Tokara Strait, Japan - Fig 3

<p>(A). A UPGMA dendrogram showing the relationship between samples, at 0.03 cutoff. (B). Shannon diversity indices and Chao richness estimators of the diazotroph community in the samples, at 0.03 cutoff.</p

A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree constructed with amino acid sequences of the <i>nifH</i> gene.

<p>Representative sequences of the top 24 OTUs and the affiliated reference sequences were used to construct this tree. The accession numbers of each reference sequence are shown in front of the sequence description. Bootstrap resampling was performed 1,000 times; and the values that are higher than 50% are labeled with grey circular symbols on the branches.</p

Basic information about the DNA samples used in this study.

<p>Basic information about the DNA samples used in this study.</p

The relative abundance of the various diazotroph clades.

<p>The cyanobacteria are labeled in shades of green, the <i>Gammaproteobacteria</i> are in blue, the <i>Alphaproteobacteria</i> are in red, the cluster-III diazotrophs are in yellow, and the Firmicutes are in purple. The abundance of the diazotroph clades are shown in (A) the surface and (B) DCM waters of all the stations, as well as (C) for two cDNA samples collected in the surface and DCM layers of ST.3.</p

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees constructed with <i>nifH</i> DNA sequences of (A) UCYN-A sublineages and (B) the other cyanobacterial diazotrophic phylotypes.

<p>The corresponding accession numbers are displayed in front of the description of the reference sequences. The sequences labeled with “UCYN-A4”, “UCYN-A5” and “UCYN-A6” represent the OTUs of corresponding phylotypes in the NGS based study of Turk-Kubo et al [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0186875#pone.0186875.ref024" target="_blank">24</a>], which do not have accession numbers. Bootstrap resampling was performed 1,000 times; and the values that are higher than 50% are labeled with blue circles on the branches. The OTUs identified in the Tokara Strait are in bold, and the OTUs identified from the unpublished data in the upstream region of the KC, are labeled with “upstream KC” and highlighted in blue, green, or red for winter, spring, and summer respectively.</p

Map and surface hydrographic features of the stations.

<p>The yellow arrow represents the location and direction of the Kuroshio mainstream.</p

Infusion of PTH increases Opn levels and leads to a more severe mineralization defect.

<p>PTH infusion increased serum Opn levels (A). Undecalcified sections of distal ends of femurs were stained with von Kossa and McNeal (B, C). Histomorphometric analysis (D–M) showed that PTH infusion decreased the bone volume (BV/TV) and increased osteoid volume (OV/BV) in <i>Kl^−/−</i> mice. Serum CTX (N) and PINP (O) levels were significantly increased after PTH infusion. MdV/TV: mineralized bone volume/total volume. Ob.S/BS: osteoblast surface/bone surface. *: <i>p</i><0.05, **: <i>p</i><0.01, ***: <i>p</i><0.001<i>vs</i> vehicle controls.</p

Measurement of serum CTX and PINP.

<p>Measurement of serum CTX (A) and PINP (B), indicating normalized bone turnover in <i>DKO</i> mice. *: <i>p</i><0.05, **: <i>p</i><0.01<i>vs WT;</i> ##: <i>p</i><0.01<i>vs Kl^−/−</i>.</p

Macroscopic phenotype of 6-wk-old mice.

<p>(A) Overall phenotype of littermates. Complete deletion of <i>PTH</i> from <i>Kl^−/−</i> mice resulted in larger, heavier, and more active <i>DKO</i> mice compared to <i>Kl^−/−</i> littermates. The body weight of <i>DKO</i> mice is significantly higher than that of <i>Kl^−/−</i> mice (B), and the lifespan is slightly improved (C). ###: <i>p</i><0.001 <i>vs Kl^−/−</i>.</p