70 research outputs found

    Moderating effect of father/mother-adolescent closeness gap on the relationship between adolescents perceived parental conflict and their adjustment in school life and self- identity

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•„๋™๊ฐ€์กฑํ•™๊ณผ, 2011.8. Grace Chung.Maste

    Analysis of immune responses of MDR-TB patients undergoing therapy and identification of CD8+ T cell specific epitope peptides derived from Mycobacte

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ฒฐํ•ต์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ต ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ํ ์ ˆ์ œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ (lung resectional surgery)๊ณผ ์•ฝ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ IFN-ฮณ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์š”๋ฒ•๋„ ๊ทธ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‹ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฒฐํ•ต์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์—๋Š” IFN-ฮณ๋‚˜ IL-12๊ฐ™์€ type 1 cytokine์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„์™€ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ด ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ IFN-ฮณ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์•ฝ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‹ค์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ง์ดˆํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์— ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ ํ•ญ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ T ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹๋Šฅ, IFN-ฮณ์™€ IL-10์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ T ์„ธํฌ ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ต์˜ ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ด ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ ์ ˆ์ œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„ 1๊ฐœ์›”๊ณผ 3๊ฐœ์›”์— ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ตํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธฐ์ „์—์„œ CD4+T ์„ธํฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” CD8+ T์„ธํฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์— ํŠน์ •ํ•œ MHC class I ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ CD8+ T์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์˜ Ag85A ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, BCG ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ T ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์‹ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  IFN-ฮณ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„์™€ ์„ธํฌ ๋…์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” HLA-A*3303์— ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ CD8+ T์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญ์›๊ฒฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฅผ Ag85A์—์„œ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์˜ Ag85A์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ค‘์—์„œ 15๊ฐœ์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋œ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ 66๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ HLA-A*3303์— ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ CD8+ T์„ธํฌ์˜ IFN-ฮณ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๋ณด ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ 7๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋™์ • ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Tuberculosis(TB) has been one of the serious problems in public health worldwide. The main defense mechanism against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection involves the Th1-type cell-mediated immune responses which activate macrophages to kill intracellularly multiplying M. tuberculosis. Among the Th1-type cytokines, IFN-gamma is well known as a key factor for the development of an efficient cell mediated immune responses to M. tuberculosis infection by activating macrophages and by enhancing Th0 to Th1 differentiation rate. Several recent reports describe that Th1-type immune responses are suppressed in TB patients. Although chemotherapy has been the major treatment curing TB for a long period of time, the recent emergence of MDR-TB(multi-drug resistant tuberculosis) has made the chemotherapy treatment difficult to cure TB patients. Therefore, in the present study, we examined changes in immune responses in MDR-TB patients who have been treated with either recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) for 6 months period, or lung resectional surgery combined with chemotherapy for 6 months period. We examined T cell proliferation responses and in vitro production of IFN-gamma and IL-10 of PBMC from TB patients upon stimulation with M. tuberculosis specific antigens and T cell mitogen, PHA. We also analyzed the alterations in the composition of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in PBMC of TB patients during therapeutic periods. Our data suggests the IFN-gamma immuno-therapy on TB patients may not help in improving Th-1 type immune responses effectively in disease-progressed patients. But the lung resectional surgery combined with chemotherapy on TB patients may help in improving Th-1 type immune responses approximately 3 months after lung resectional surgery. Clinically, only TB patients undergoing lung resectional surgery have been improved as well. In addition, because BCG vaccine efficacy against TB in adults is variable, it has become urgent to develope new TB vaccines. The components of Ag85 complex are proteins of the major secreted antigens of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG. The Ag85A protein of Ag85 complex not only induces a very effective lymphocyte proliferation but also triggers substantial IFN-ฮณ production in PBMC of health humans vaccinated with BCG or sensitized with M. tuberculosis. Because HLA-A*3303 is one of the common HLA-A alleles in East and Southeast Asia, we attempted to identify Ag85A derived epitope peptides specific for HLA-A*3303 restricted CD8+T lymphocytes for the purpose of investigating the CD8+T cell mediated immune responses and developing vaccine components for TB. As a result, we identified 7 novel Ag85A derived candidate epitope peptides specific for HLA-A*3303 restricted CD8+T cells by using IFN-ฮณ ELISA and ELISPOT assay.restrictio

    ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฒฝยท์ง€์—ญ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™), 2012. 2. ์ž„์Šน๋นˆ.๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ดํ›„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ์— ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌธโ€ค์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌโ€คํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ, ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ์†Œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌโ€คํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1) ์žฅ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ธก์ •ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 2) ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ธก์ •ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3) ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 4) ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฌธ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์„  ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ 2๊ณณ์”ฉ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 10๊ณณ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1) ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ธก์ •ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์˜ˆ๋น„์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ธก์ •ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ •โ€ค๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2) ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์€ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ณ„, ์žฅ์†Œ๋ณ„, ํ–‰์œ„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , ์žฅ์†Œ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ณ„๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–‰์œ„๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3) ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์—ฐํ˜•, ์—ญ์‚ฌํ˜•, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ˜•, ์ƒ์—…ํ˜• ์ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์‘์ผ์น˜๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ํ‘œํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐํ˜•์—๋Š” ์„ ์œ ๋„๊ณต์›, ํ•œ๊ฐ•, ์„œ์šธ์ˆฒ, ์ฒญ๊ณ„์ฒœ, ์—ญ์‚ฌํ˜•์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ถ, ๋•์ˆ˜๊ถ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ˜•์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™๋กœ, ์ธ์‚ฌ๋™, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์ „๋‹น, ์ƒ์—…ํ˜•์—๋Š” ๋ช…๋™์ด ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค. 4) ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ์„ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ, ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ธก์ •ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ, ๊ต๋ฅ˜, ์„ค๋ ˜์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฅ์†Œ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ž์—ฐํ˜•์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ์„ค๋ ˜, ์ผ์ฒด๊ฐ, ์—ญ์‚ฌํ˜•์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ˜•์€ ๊ต๋ฅ˜, ์„ค๋ ˜, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€, ์ƒ์—…ํ˜•์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ์ž์œ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์„œ์šธ์ˆฒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ํƒˆ์ถœ๊ฐ, ์„ ์œ ๋„๋Š” ํ™œ๊ธฐ, ๋…ํŠนํ•จ, ๋Œ€ํ•™๋กœ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์ „๋‹น์€ ์„ค๋ ˜, ์ „ํ†ต, ํ•œ๊ฐ•์€ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ, ์ฒญ๊ณ„์ฒœ์€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ, ๋ช…๋™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ์ž์œ ํ–‰๋™, ์ธ์‚ฌ๋™์€ ์ผ์ฒด๊ฐ, ๊ต๋ฅ˜, ๋•์ˆ˜๊ถ์€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ, ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ถ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ์ด‰๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Most of Cities have changed even as the cities's physical and humanistic environment continuously are affected by each other. Today, Most of Korean cities have tried to reinforce and establish their own identity in order to increase their cities's competitive power. That's why they focus on place's unique characters making the meaning place and city. The place is formed by giving the non-meaning space the meaning which built by experiencing the place. So, the experience is very important factor to form the place. We need to understand that what experience happens in the place so that we can read and form the place. This study focus on the experience. The purpose of this study is to ultimately diagnose the experience by analyzing characters of the experience. There are 4 main contents. 1) Construction of items for measuring the experience in the place, 2) Analysis on experience of each place, 3) Classification of the place using the items for measuring the experience, 4) Analysis on the influence power on forming the meaning place. This study used methods of the literature review, expert survey, public survey and statistical analysis. The results of this study are as following. First, we had to select the study sites and construct the items for measuring the experience, in oder to analyze the experience in the place. To analyze the diverse places, we selected two sites of each type in five place types classified by the place's physical character. So study sites are total ten places. Constructing the measurement items was divided into two branches; measuring the experience and 'sense of place'. To measure the 'sense of place', two adjectives are selected by previous studies regrading place and 'sense of place'. The items for measuring the experience in the place was constructed by the previous studies, pilot survey and expert questionnaire. Based on the items, The questionnaire was structured. We surveyed 30 visitors of each place in 10 place sites. The results of the survey are 1) analysis on experience characters of the place, 2) classification of the place according to the experience in the place, 3) analysis on influence power on forming the meaning place. 1) Based on the items of the experience and place types, the experience characters of the place were analyzed by using mean value. This analysis includes than 'what is the main experience' and 'where is the most place in which some experience happen. 2) The classification of the place used the cluster analysis. The sites were classified into 4 types; natural type, historic type, artistic type and commercial type. the result is presented in a chart by using the correspondence analysis. The natural type includes Sunyoudo park, Hangang, Seoul forest and Cheonggyecheon. The historic type includes Gyeongbokgung and Deoksugung. The artistic type includes Daehangno, Insadong and Seoul arts center. The commercial type includes Myeongdong. 3) The experience elements influenced on forming the meaning place were analyzed by using the regression analysis; The independent variables are the items for measuring the experience in the place. The dependent variable is 'sense of place'. we analyzed that according to As a result, sense of the sight, satisfaction, interchange and thrill were derived for elements of forming the sense of place. When the influence was analyzed by each place type, places of the natural type are influenced by the sense of the sight, thrill and sense of the unity, places of the historic type are influenced by the sense of the sight and community, places of the artistic type are influenced by interchange, thrill and pleasure, a place of the commercial type is influenced by sense of the sight and freedom. When we analyzed that according to the each place, Seoul forest is influenced by sense of the sight and escape, Sunyoudo is influenced by vitality and special, Daehangno is influenced by interest and community, Seoul arts center is influenced by thrill and tradition, Hangnag is influenced by romance, Cheonggyecheon is influenced by satisfaction and community, Myeongdong is influenced by sense of the sight and freedom Insadong is influenced by sense of the unity, Deoksugung is influenced by community, Gyeongbokgung is influenced by sense of the sight and touch. This study tired to diagnose experience characters of the place which have much sense of place. We hope that will contribute to understanding the experience in the place and forming the meaning place. Limits, however, do exist. While this study focused on experience, it couldn't cover physical elements in detail. So, studies regarding relation with physical characters and experiences need to be continued.Maste

    ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœํด๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ์—ผ ์ƒ์—์„œ i-๋ถ€ํƒ„๊ณผ n-๋ถ€ํ…์˜ ์•Œํ‚ฌํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™”ํ•™๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,1996.Maste

    Analysis of the effect of household income and assets on fertility in South Korea

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ์กฐ์˜ํƒœ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ง€์†๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–‘๊ทนํ™”์™€ ์ž์‚ฐ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ƒ์Šน์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์†์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ์ถœ์‚ฐ์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2006๋…„๊ณผ 2018๋…„์˜ โ€˜์ „๊ตญ ์ถœ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ณด๊ฑดโ€ง๋ณต์ง€์‹คํƒœ์กฐ์‚ฌโ€™ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งŒ15โˆผ49์„ธ ๊ธฐํ˜ผ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์›”ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ์š”์ธ์ด ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 2006๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 2018๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 2006๋…„์—์„œ 2018๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง€์†๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ถœ์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ ์†Œ์œ  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ , ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ง€์†๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–‘๊ทนํ™”์™€ ์ž์‚ฐ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ƒ์Šน๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.This study started from the idea that the influence of household income or assets on fertility may have changed compared to the past as the economic disparity between individuals has recently increased in Korean society. This study was conducted on married women aged 15 to 49 using data from the 2006 and 2018 โ€˜National Survey on Fertility and Family Health and Welfareโ€™. This study conducted an analysis comparing the past and present on the influence of household income and assets on fertility. The study results are as follows. In 2006, an increase in household income resulted in an increase in fertility, but the effect of assets on fertility was not statistically significant. In 2018, the influence of household income and assets on fertility was statistically significant. However, went by from 2006 to 2018, the influence of an increase in household income on fertility has weakened slightly, and the influence of an increase in assets on fertility has gradually strengthened. The changed influence of household income and assets on fertility may continue in the future. Therefore, in order to solve the serious low fertility problem in Korean society, it is necessary to change the fertility support policy. The results of this study are expected to provide important evidence for establishing and improving fertility support policies in consideration of recent socio-economic changes in Korean society, which is suffering from a seriously low fertility problem.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  8 2. ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 9 2.1 ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 9 2.1.1 ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์ถœ์‚ฐ 9 2.1.2 ์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ถœ์‚ฐ 10 2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 12 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 13 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 13 3.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 14 3.3 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜ 15 3.3.1 ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 15 3.3.2 ์ถœ์‚ฐํ–‰์œ„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 15 3.3.3 ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 15 3.4 ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 20 4.1 ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ถ„์„ 20 4.2 ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ถœ์‚ฐํ–‰์œ„ ๋น„๊ต 25 4.2.1 ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“ ๋ฐ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถœ์‚ฐํ–‰์œ„ ๋น„๊ต 25 4.2.2 ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถœ์‚ฐํ–‰์œ„ ๋น„๊ต 27 4.3 ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 34 4.4 ์ทจ์—…/๋น„์ทจ์—… ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 39 4.5 ์ž๊ฐ€/๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 47 5. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 55 5.1 ๋…ผ์˜ 55 5.2 ํ•œ๊ณ„์  59 5.3 ์˜์˜ 60 6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  61 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 62 Abstract 67์„

    A Study on the Computer Aided Design of Shell & Tube Type Heat Exchanger

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    Changes in cell-mediated immune response after lung resection surgery for MDR-TB patients

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    The immune responses of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients undergoing lung resection surgery were investigated in order to understand the mechanism of strong immune suppression in MDR-TB. We examined changes in cell-mediated immune response (CMI) of a total of sixteen MDR-TB patients, three of them extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) patients, after the removal of the heavily diseased lung section. The IFN-ฮณ response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins (Mtb-CFP), one of the most important CMI to defend TB, showed a statistically significant elevation in 2-4 months after operation when compared to the preoperative CMI in patients who were converted into AFB negative and cured in two years' follow-up, suggesting that the recovery of CMI may be one of the key factors in the successful treatment of MDR-TB. Interestingly, IL-10 response to Mtb-CFP was also elevated in 2-4 months after surgery in cured patients although both proliferative response and PBMC composition were not significantly changed. Infection with first- or second-line drugs resistant Mtb reduces the efficiency of chemotherapeutic treatment of MDR-TB to about 50%. Thus, this study suggests that chemotherapeutic treatment of MDR-TB may be more effective when combined with accompanying therapy that increases CMI, includes lung resection surgery.ope

    Monodispersed PMMA polymer nanobead and method of manufacturing the same

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    ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํด๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ(PMMA) ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋น„๋“œ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, (a) ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ๊ฐœ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์•ก์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„; ๋ฐ (b) ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์•ก์— ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ(MMA)๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋’ค, ์งˆ์†Œ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š”, ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ (b)์—์„œ, ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์•ก์— ์‚ฐํ™”์•„์—ฐ(ZnO) ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฐํ™”์•„์—ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ PMMA ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋น„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.(a) ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ๊ฐœ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์•ก์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„; ๋ฐ (b) ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์•ก์— ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ(MMA) ๋ฐ ์‚ฐํ™”์•„์—ฐ(ZnO) ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋’ค, ์งˆ์†Œ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ,ํ‰๊ท  ์ž…๊ฒฝ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 200 ๋‚ด์ง€ 900nm์˜ ๋‹จ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํด๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ(PMMA) ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋น„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

    Manufacturing method for copper phthalocyanine coated nanostructure materials and Copper oxide coated nanostructure materials

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    ๋ณธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„๋ง ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, (a) ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์— ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝœ ์šฉ๋งค์™€ ๊ธˆ์†, ๊ธˆ์†์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ์ค‘ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์–ด๋Š ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„; (b) 4-nitrophthalonitrile, copper(II) acetate monohydrate ๋ฐ ammonium molybdate์„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„; (c) ์ƒ๊ธฐ (b) ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ๊ต๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ์ด ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์•ก์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„; (d) ์ƒ๊ธฐ (c) ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ์ด ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„; ๋ฐ (e) ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ์ด ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ์†Œ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ณต๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์„ผ์„œ ์†Œ์žฌ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์— ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์‹œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜ ์–‘์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋ณต์–‘์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,(a) ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์— ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝœ ์šฉ๋งค์™€ ์‚ฐํ™”์•„์—ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„;(b) 4-nitrophthalonitrile, copper(II) acetate monohydrate ๋ฐ ammonium molybdate์„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„;(c) ์ƒ๊ธฐ (b) ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ๊ต๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ์ด ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์•ก์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„; (d) ์ƒ๊ธฐ (c) ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ์ด ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„; ๋ฐ(e) ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ”„ํƒˆ๋กœ์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ์ด ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ์†Œ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„๋ง ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
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