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    ์ „๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์ /์™ธ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ด์ฐจ์ „์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ์ •์ฒ ํ˜ธ.1991 ๋…„ Sony Corporation์ด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ (LIB)๋ฅผ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ (EV)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ €๋น„์šฉ ๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„ LIB ์ „๊ทน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํžˆ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ทน ์žฌ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” LiCoO2 (LCO) ์ธต์ƒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ (~ 140 mAh g-1)๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธ (Co) ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฐ์—…์  ์ ์šฉ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ (์…€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ US 75/kWh์—์„œ350Wh/kg)์„์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„ ,๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜Co๋ฅผ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์›์†Œ๋กœ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ดํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.์ด์™€๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌLiNixCoyMn1โˆ’xโˆ’yO2(LNCM)์˜์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ๋Š”์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•ด,LCO์ ์ธต์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์„์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌEV๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ๋„๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,Ni๊ฐ€ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œLNCM์ธต์ƒ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์˜์‹ค์ œ๊ตฌํ˜„์€์‚ฌ์ดํด์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธ์ง€์†์ ์ธ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ์ธํ•œํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ,ํŠนํžˆNiํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜๋†’์€์ถฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ(SOC)์—๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€์ ์ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š”๋‹จ์ ์ด์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„ ,์ €๋น„์šฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜๊ฐœ๋ฐœ,์žฌ๋ฃŒ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ์œ„ํ•œ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด์ „๋žต,๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„์œ„ํ•œ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์—๋Œ€ํ•œํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”,์ธต์ƒ์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ์˜intrinsicํŠน์„ฑ์„Zr๋„ํ•‘์„ํ†ตํ•ด๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ์†Œ์žฌ์˜์„ฑ๋Šฅํ–ฅ์ƒ์„๋„๋ชจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ํŠนํžˆLiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2LIB์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ์˜Zr๋„ํ•‘ํšจ๊ณผ์—๋Œ€ํ•œํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ๋ถ„์„์„์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ,์ด์˜๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์ค‘์ ์„๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ฒซ์งธ,๋‹ค์ค‘๊ธธ์ดX์„ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ถ„์„๋ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌZr๋„ํ•‘์ด๊ฒฉ์ž์ˆ˜์ถ•,์ž…์ž๊ท ์—ด,์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฐœ์ƒ,์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฐ์–‘์ด์˜จํ˜ผํ•ฉ์„์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ์˜์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์Œ์„๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.๊ทธํ›„,์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณ„,๊ณต๋ช…๋น„ํƒ„์„ฑX์„ ์‚ฐ๋ž€(RIXS),์ฃผ์‚ฌํˆฌ๊ณผX์„ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(STXM)๋ฐ์ œ1์›์น™๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ํ†ตํ•ดZr๋„ํ•‘์˜๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์žํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์œ„์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”,๋†’์€์ถฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ์—์„œZr๋„ํ•‘์˜์‚ฐ์†Œ์‚ฐํ™”์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”์ธต์ƒ์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ์˜extrinsicํŠน์„ฑ์„๋„ํ•‘์„ํ†ตํ•ด๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ์†Œ์žฌ์˜์„ฑ๋Šฅํ–ฅ์ƒ์„๋„๋ชจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ํŠนํžˆ,์ธ๋˜๋Š”๋ถ•์†Œ๋„ํ•‘์„ํ†ตํ•ด,1์ฐจ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์ƒ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„๋”ฐ๋ผ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜๋Š”ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ด์ „์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”,B๋„ํ•‘์„ํ†ตํ•œํ…์Šค์ฒ˜๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜๊ธฐ์›์„ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด๋ผ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€์ฃผ์žฅ์€,์ œ1์›๋ฆฌ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณ€์กฐ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๋„ํ•‘์˜์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์ด์œ ๋Š”๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ,์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”B/P๋„ํ•‘์„ํ†ตํ•ดNiโˆ’rich์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌํ…์Šค์ฒ˜๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜๊ธฐ์›์„๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์œ„์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”B/P๋„ํ•‘๋œ์ธต์ƒ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์˜๋…ํŠนํ•œ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์ ์งˆ๊ฐ์€์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒดํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,๊ทธ์˜๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ค‘์žฌ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”์‹œ์ž‘์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋น„์ •์งˆ์ธต์˜ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ๋†’์€๊ด€๋ จ์ด์žˆ์Œ์„๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”,ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ๊ฐ–๋Š”Niโˆ’rich์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ์˜๊ตฌ์กฐ์„ค๊ณ„์—๊ด€ํ•œ์ „๋žต์„์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ,ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ๊ฐ–๋Š”P๋„ํ•‘๋œ์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ์™€B๋„ํ•‘๋œ์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ์˜์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„์„์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Pโˆ’๋ฐBโˆ’๋„ํ•‘๋œ์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ๋Š”,ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์ธํ•ด์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ท ์—ดํ˜•์„ฑ์„์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ํ•‘๋˜์ง€์•Š์€์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ๋Œ€๋น„์ˆ˜๋ช…ํŠน์„ฑ์ดํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,๋„ํ•‘๋œ์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ„์—์ˆ˜๋ช…ํŠน์„ฑ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€์กด์žฌํ•จ์„๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.์ด์˜๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด,๋‹ค์ค‘๊ธธ์ด๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜X์„ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ์ธก์ •์„์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,๋„ํ•‘๋œ์–‘๊ทน์†Œ์žฌ์˜์ˆ˜๋ช…ํŠน์„ฑ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”์ž…์ž๋ฐฐํ–ฅ๋ฉด์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธ์‚ฐ์†Œ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์˜๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ๋†’์€๊ด€๋ จ์ด์žˆ์Œ์„๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.Sincethecommercializationoflithiumโˆ’ionbatteries(LIBs)bySonyCorporationin1991,extensiveresearcheshavebeenconductedtomeetthedemandoftheconsumerneeds.Especially,withtheemergenceandrapidgrowthoflargeโˆ’scaleenergystoragedevicessuchaselectricvehicles(EVs),thedevelopmentoflowcostandhighenergydensityLIBelectrodematerialsishighlydemanding.Inperspectiveofcathodematerials,mostwidelyusedLiCoO2(LCO)layeredoxidehasfacedtheseverelimitationduetoitslimitedpracticalcapacity(ย 140mAhgโˆ’1)andhighpriceofcobalt(Co).Tomeettheautomotivebatteryneed(350Wh/kgatUS 75/kWh์—์„œ 350Wh/kg)์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ , ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ Co๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (LNCM)์˜ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, LCO ์ ์ธต ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ EV ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , Ni๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ LNCM์ธต์ƒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์€ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ Ni ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋†’์€ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ (SOC)์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ , ์ €๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋žต, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ธต์ƒ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ intrinsic ํŠน์„ฑ์„ Zr ๋„ํ•‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2 LIB ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ Zr ๋„ํ•‘ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ธธ์ด X ์„  ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ Zr ๋„ํ•‘์ด ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜์ถ•, ์ž…์ž ๊ท ์—ด, ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ ์–‘์ด์˜จ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์ž ๊ธฐ๊ณ„, ๊ณต๋ช… ๋น„ํƒ„์„ฑ X ์„  ์‚ฐ๋ž€ (RIXS), ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํˆฌ๊ณผ X ์„  ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ (STXM) ๋ฐ ์ œ1 ์›์น™ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Zr ๋„ํ•‘์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”, ๋†’์€ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ Zr ๋„ํ•‘์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์‚ฐํ™” ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธต์ƒ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ extrinsic ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋„ํ•‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ•์†Œ ๋„ํ•‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, 1 ์ฐจ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”, B ๋„ํ•‘์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด๋ผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€, ์ œ1 ์›๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„ํ•‘์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” B/P ๋„ํ•‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Ni-rich ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” B/P ๋„ํ•‘ ๋œ ์ธต์ƒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ•™์  ์งˆ๊ฐ์€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ™” ์‹œ์ž‘ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์ธต์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”, ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” Ni-rich ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” P ๋„ํ•‘ ๋œ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์™€ B ๋„ํ•‘ ๋œ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. P- ๋ฐ B- ๋„ํ•‘ ๋œ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š”, ํ…์Šค์ฒ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ท ์—ด ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„ํ•‘ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋„ํ•‘ ๋œ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ ๊ฐ„์— ์ˆ˜๋ช… ํŠน์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ธธ์ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ X ์„  ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ๋„ํ•‘ ๋œ ์–‘๊ทน ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ํŠน์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ž…์ž ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ๋ฉด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.Since the commercialization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by Sony Corporation in 1991, extensive researches have been conducted to meet the demand of the consumer needs. Especially, with the emergence and rapid growth of large-scale energy storage devices such as electric vehicles (EVs), the development of low cost and high energy density LIB electrode materials is highly demanding. In perspective of cathode materials, most widely used LiCoO2 (LCO) layered oxide has faced the severe limitation due to its limited practical capacity (~140 mAh g-1) and high price of cobalt (Co). To meet the automotive battery need (350 Wh/kg at US 75/kWh at cell level), further extraction of lithium from the crystalline structure and substitution of high price Co with other elements are highly required. In this regard, three component layered LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (LNCM) has successfully substituted the LCO layered oxide over the years and solidified their status as the cathode material of choice for EV batteries. Nevertheless, the practical implementation of Ni-rich layered oxides is currently hindered by their continuous capacity fading and especially, the deterioration becomes increasingly severe with the increase of Ni content or at a high state of charge (SOC). To overcome these issues, the development of low-cost methods, new materials design strategies, and a comprehensive understanding of electrochemical mechanisms is prerequisite. In the first chapter of this thesis, intrinsic characteristics of LIB cathode material is modified through Zr doping in order to improve its cathodic performance. In specific, we provide the comprehensive analyses of the Zr doping effects in a LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2 LIB cathode material with a focus on discovering the critical origin of its mechanism. First, by adopting multi-length-scale X-ray spectroscopic analysis and gas analysis technique, we show that Zr doping enhances the electrochemical performance of LNCM by suppressing the abrupt c-axis contraction, particle cracks, oxygen evolution, electrolyte decomposition, and Liโ€“Ni disorder, thus alleviating the diverse LNCM degradation factors. Then, the fundamental role of Zr doping is systematically investigated with the collaboration of state-of-the-art magnetometer, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), and first-principles calculations. For the first time, we revealed that Zr doping suppresses the oxygen oxidation upon deep charge, which is associated with the oxygen instability and to the multiple degradation factors. In the second chapter, extrinsic characteristics of LIB cathode material is modified by doping to enhance the cathode cycle life. In specific, the textured microstructure, in which the primary particles are aligned along the radial direction, has been managed by the phosphorous or boron doping. Previously, the origin of crystalline texture by the B doping have been proposed as the surface energy modification. The proposal has been suggested by using first-principle calculations, however, systematic investigation to understand the doping mechanism on the microstructure modulation has not yet been conducted. In this chapter, systematic investigation has been conducted to reveal the origin of the texture structure through B/P doping on Ni-rich layered oxide. For the first time, we have unveiled that the unique crystallographic texture of B/P doped layered oxide was originated from the hydroxide precursor morphology, while the mechanism was highly related to the formation of an amorphous layer that delayed the recrystallization onset temperature during synthesis. In the third chapter, we provide design strategy for the microstructure textured Ni-rich layered oxide. In specific, two microstructure textured layered cathode, that is, P doped layered oxide and B doped layered oxide, have been electrochemical tested and compared. Attributed by its texture, both P- and B-doped cathodes suppressed the microcrack formation and improved the cycle life compared to the undoped cathode, however, there existed meaningful capacity retention difference between the doped cathodes. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind the cyclability difference between the doped cathodes, we conducted various measurements starting from multi-length-scale X-ray spectroscopic analysis to gas analysis technique. From the results, we have revealed that the cycle life difference between the doped cathodes was highly related with the behavior of oxygen stability that depended on primary particles orientation facet, in which B-LNCM primary particles exposed a facet that is stable against oxygen release, therefore leading to better cycle life compared to P-LNCM.Chapter 1. General Background.. 1 1.1. Overview: Layered oxide for Li-ion batteries cathode . 1 1.2. Crystal structure and electronic configuration of layered cathodes 3 1.3. Fatigue mechanisms and challenges. 6 1.3.1. Surface reconstruction layer (cation mixing) 7 1.3.2. Vulnerable thermal characteristics 11 1.3.3. State-of-charge heterogeneity 16 1.3.4. Intergranular cracks 19 1.3.5. Intragranular cracks 23 1.3.6. Brief overview on the characterization techniques to observe NCM degradations 26 1.4. Aim and strategies. 29 1.4.1. Bulk doping 29 1.4.2. Coating methods 39 1.4.3. Other methods 46 1.5. Conclusion and future perspectives. 51 Chapter 2. Intrinsic design of Ni-rich layered cathode for Lithium ion batteries 61 2.1. Mitigation of Oxygen Oxidation through Zr Doping in Ni-rich Layered Oxide. . 62 2.1.1. Introduction 62 2.1.2. Results and discussion 64 2.1.3. Conclusion 75 2.1.4. Experimental 76 2.1.5. References 88 Chapter 3. Extrinsic design of Ni-rich layered cathode for Lithium ion batteries 95 3.1. Kinetically Stabilizing the Mother Texture Inherited Ni-rich Layered Oxide via Doping Strategy... 96 3.1.1. Introduction 96 3.1.2. Results 99 3.1.3. Discussion 106 3.1.4. Conclusion 109 3.1.5. Experimental 110 3.1.6. References 124 3.2. New Insight into Microstructure Engineering of Ni-rich Layered Oxide Cathode for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries 128 3.2.1. Introduction 128 3.2.2. Results and discussion 130 3.2.3. Conclusion 142 3.2.4. Experimental 143 3.2.5. References 158๋ฐ•

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