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    A Qualitative Research on Middle School Teachers Understanding of Student-Participatory Class

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ΅μœ‘ν•™κ³Ό, 2017. 2. μ†Œκ²½ν¬.κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ ν•™κ΅κ΅μœ‘μ—μ„œλŠ” 학생듀이 μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 톡해 무엇을 μ–»μ–΄κ°€κ³  κ²½ν—˜ν•  지에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ¬΄κ΄€μ‹¬ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , ꡐ윑의 주체여야 ν•  학생듀은 μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ μž₯λ©΄ μ†μ—μ„œ μ†Œμ™Έλ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯의 μΌν™˜μœΌλ‘œ, 쀑학ꡐ μžμœ ν•™κΈ°μ œμ™€ 2015 κ°œμ • κ΅μœ‘κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ ꡐ윑개혁의 μŠ¬λ‘œκ±΄μœΌλ‘œμ„œ λ‚΄μ„Έμ› λ‹€. 이에 따라 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  쀑학ꡐ ꡐ사듀은 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ„ ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ μš”κ΅¬λ°›κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ— κ΄€ν•œ 정책적 μ΄ν•΄λŠ” ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚΄κΈ°μ— λΆˆμΆ©λΆ„ν•˜κ³  μ œν•œμ μΈ 면이 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, 이λ₯Ό 직접 μ‹œν–‰ν•˜λŠ” ꡐ사듀은 λ”μš± ν’λΆ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 참여에 λ”μš± μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 영ν–₯λ ₯을 κ°€μ§ˆ 것이라고 λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ˜μ‹μ— 따라 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 쀑학ꡐ ꡐ사듀이 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•˜κ³  그듀이 μ§€λ‹Œ μ΄ν•΄μ˜ νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ„ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•˜λ‹€. 그리고 쀑학ꡐ μžμœ ν•™κΈ°μ œμ˜ ꡐ과 μˆ˜μ—…μ„ λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ‹€μ„― λͺ…μ˜ ꡐ사λ₯Ό 연ꡬ μ°Έμ—¬μžλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ 심측 면담을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ 질적 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ„€μ •ν•œ 연ꡬ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, 쀑학ꡐ ꡐ사듀은 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ°€? λ‘˜μ§Έ, 쀑학ꡐ ꡐ사듀은 학생듀을 μˆ˜μ—…μ— μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ‹€μ²œμ  λ…Έλ ₯을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ°€? μ…‹μ§Έ, 쀑학ꡐ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—… 이해에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ νŠΉμ§•κ³Ό 이것이 λ‹΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” ꡐ윑적 μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” 무엇인가? 첫 번째 연ꡬ 결과에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄, ꡐ사듀은 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ— κ΄€ν•΄ 두 가지 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅ν™œλ™μ˜ μœ ν˜• μΈ‘λ©΄κ³Ό ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅κ²½ν—˜ 츑면이닀. λ¨Όμ €, ꡐ사듀은 ν•™μŠ΅ν™œλ™μ˜ μœ ν˜• μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ λ°œν‘œ 및 ν† λ‘  μˆ˜μ—…, λͺ¨λ‘  μˆ˜μ—…, ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ‹ μˆ˜μ—…, ꡐ사 주도가 μ•„λ‹Œ 학생 주도적 μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ΄λΌκ³  μΈμ‹ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μ—¬λŸ¬ ν™œλ™ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μˆ˜μ—… μœ ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ³Έ 것이닀. λ˜ν•œ, ꡐ사듀은 ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅κ²½ν—˜ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 재미있고 ν™œλ°œν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ΄λ‚˜ ν™œλ™μ„ λ„˜μ–΄ 배움이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ꡐ사듀은 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 학생듀이 ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό λŠλΌκ±°λ‚˜ ν™œλ°œν•˜κ³  λŠ₯동적인 μˆ˜μ—…μ΄λΌκ³  여겼을 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 단지 ν™œλ™μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ 배움이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ΄λΌκ³  보기도 ν•œ 것이닀. 두 번째 연ꡬ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, μˆ˜μ—…μ— 학생듀을 μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ μ‹€μ²œμ μΈ λ…Έλ ₯은 크게 μ„Έ κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” μˆ˜μ—… λ‚΄μš© 섀계와 μˆ˜μ—… 운영, μˆ˜μ—… 외적 λ…Έλ ₯의 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄λ‹€. μš°μ„ , μˆ˜μ—… λ‚΄μš© 섀계에 κ΄€ν•΄ ꡐ사듀은 ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ‹€μ œ μ‚Άκ³Όμ˜ 연관성을 κ°•μ‘°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 직접 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” ν™œλ™ 기회λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 지적 μžκ·Ήμ„ μ œκ³΅ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚΄λ €κ³  ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ꡐ사듀은 이와 같이 주둜 ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ ν•©ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜μ—… λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ„€κ³„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 그리고 μˆ˜μ—… μš΄μ˜μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” ν•™μƒκ³Όμ˜ 우호적 관계λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 또래 κ°„ ν˜‘λ ₯ 관계λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ ν•™κΈ‰ λΆ„μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό μ‘°μ„±ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 보상과 μ²˜λ²Œμ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ΅μ‚¬μ˜ 직접적 도움을 μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 학생듀을 μˆ˜μ—…μ— μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ꡐ사듀은 ꡐ싀 λ‚΄μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 관계λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 직접 κ°œμž…ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 학생듀을 μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ μ΄νƒˆν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•œ 것이닀. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, ꡐ사듀은 μˆ˜μ—… 외적 λ…Έλ ₯μœΌλ‘œμ„œ ν™œλ°œν•œ 연ꡬ와 ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ§€μ†ν•˜κ³  ν‰μ†Œμ— 일상적인 λ…Έλ ₯을 ν•˜λ©° λ™λ£Œ ꡐ사와 ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” 학생듀을 μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μˆ˜μ—…κ³Ό 직접 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ…Έλ ₯뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μˆ˜μ—… μ€€λΉ„μ˜ 바탕이 λ˜λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 외적 λ…Έλ ₯듀이 ν•¨κ»˜ μˆ˜λ°˜λ˜μ–΄μ•Όν•¨μ„ 보여쀀닀. μ„Έ 번째 연ꡬ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ μ΄ν•΄λŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 λ„€ κ°€μ§€μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ λ³΄μ˜€κ³  이 νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ€ 각각의 ꡐ윑적 의미λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 첫째, ꡐ사듀은 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ— κ΄€ν•΄ μ‹€μ§ˆμ  μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 의미 μžˆλŠ” 배움 μΆ”κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ—ˆλ‹€. ꡐ사듀은 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ„ ν™œλ™ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ λ„˜μ–΄μ„  학생듀이 배움에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 행동과 μ •μ„œμ  μ°Έμ—¬λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 인지적 참여도 κ³ λ €ν•˜κ³  있던 것이닀. κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ΄ν•΄λŠ” 단지 ν™œλ™ 츑면으둜만 μ ‘κ·Όν•œ μ •μ±…μ˜ 이해보닀 ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ‹€μ§ˆμ  μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚Ό κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ”μš± λ†’λ‹€κ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, ꡐ사듀은 학생듀을 λŒμ–΄λ“€μ΄λŠ” 관계 ν˜•μ„±μ˜ λ…Έλ ₯을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. ꡐ사듀은 κ΅μœ‘λ‚΄μš©κ³Ό κ΅μˆ˜λ²•μ„ κ°œμ„ ν•  뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν•™μƒκ³Όμ˜ κ΄€κ³„λ‚˜ ν•™κΈ‰ λΆ„μœ„κΈ°μ™€ 같은 μ‚¬νšŒμ  μš”μΈμ„ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΄μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 학생듀을 μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ 학생듀이 λͺ¨μ—¬ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ λ“£λŠ” ꡐ싀 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ ν•™μƒμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό 단지 개인적인 μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œλ§Œ μ ‘κ·Όν•˜λŠ” 것은 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŒμ„ μ•”μ‹œν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, ꡐ사듀은 λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 배움이 느린 학생듀에 λŒ€ν•œ μ£Όλͺ©μ„ 톡해, μ†Œμ™Έλ˜λŠ” 학생이 μ—†λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ„ λ§Œλ“€κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ꡐ사듀은 μˆ˜μ€€μ°¨λ‘œ 인해 어렀움을 κ²ͺλŠ” 학생듀을 적극적으둜 μ§€μ›ν•˜λ©° ν•™μƒμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό 학생 개개인의 κ²½ν—˜μ˜ μ§ˆμ„ λ†’μ΄λŠ” 것을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ μˆ˜μ—…μ— μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 배울 ꢌ리λ₯Ό 보μž₯ν•˜λŠ” μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ μ ‘κ·Όν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, ꡐ사듀은 방법을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„  μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 근본적인 κ΄€μ μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°•μ‘°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 학생듀이 자발적이고 λŠ₯λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό 학생, κ΅μ‚¬μ˜ 역할에 λŒ€ν•œ κ΄€μ μ˜ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μˆ˜λ°˜λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ³Έ 것이닀. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 두 가지 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 의의λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹Œλ‹€. 첫째, 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μˆ˜μ—… μ°Έμ—¬ 문제λ₯Ό κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 관점을 톡해 질적으둜 λ‹€λ£ΈμœΌλ‘œμ¨, ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό μˆ˜μ—… λ‚΄μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ μš”μΈλ“€μ΄ μ—­λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄μ—ˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ μ •μ±…μ μœΌλ‘œ μ œμ‹œλ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ— κ΄€ν•΄, 이λ₯Ό 직접 μ‹œν–‰ν•˜λ„λ‘ μš”κ΅¬λ°›κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 이해λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ— κ΄€ν•œ λ”μš± ν’λΆ€ν•˜κ³  μ‹€μ œμ μΈ 이해λ₯Ό λ„μΆœν•΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ λͺ‡ 가지 μ œν•œμ μ΄ 남아 있으며, 이와 κ΄€λ ¨ν•΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 후속 연ꡬ듀이 이루어지기λ₯Ό μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ” 바이닀. 첫째, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 심측 면담을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ 질적 연ꡬ방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 이해λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”μ—ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ μ‹€μ²œμ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•ŒκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ°Έμ—¬ 관찰을 ν†΅ν•œ 좔가적인 연ꡬ가 μˆ˜ν–‰λ  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 학생 μ°Έμ—¬μ˜ 문제λ₯Ό λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžμΈ 학생이 μ•„λ‹Œ, μˆ˜μ—…μ„ ν•˜λŠ” κ΅μ‚¬μ˜ μž…μž₯을 톡해 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€. ν–₯ν›„ 학생듀을 연ꡬ μ°Έμ—¬μžλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 이해λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•˜λŠ” 질적 연ꡬ가 μš”μ²­λœλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” ꡐ사 변인에 λ”°λ₯Έ 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—… μ΄ν•΄μ˜ 차이듀을 μ‹¬μΈ΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ΅κ³Όλ‚˜ κ²½λ ₯, ν•™κ΅λ³„λ‘œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 이해가 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ‚  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ, 후속 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 차이에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜λŠ” 연ꡬ가 μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•œλ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 쀑학ꡐ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ 학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 이해λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ, λ‹€λ₯Έ 학ꡐ급에 이λ₯Ό μ μš©μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™κ΅μ™€ 고등학ꡐ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œλ„ 이와 같은 μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ μΆ”ν›„ 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀.School education has not been concerned with what students would learn and experience in class, so much so that students, the subject of the education, have been alienated from the lesson scene. One method for solving this problem is called the "Student-participatory class" and was published as a slogan through Free Semester in middle school and the 2015 Revised National Curriculum. Therefore, present middle school teachers are directly being asked to teach "Student-participatory class". Current political understanding of "Student-participatory class" is more or less insufficient and limited to drawing students' participation, especially engagement. However, teachers in school fields are considered to have more extensive understanding of "Student-participatory class" and to be able to have a practical effect on students' engagement. The purpose of this research is to explore middle school teachers' understanding of "Student-participatory class" and discuss the characteristics of their understanding. For this purpose, qualitative research was carried out and based mainly on in-depth interviews with five teachers who are in charge of subject classes in Free Semester in middle school. Research questions to achieve this goal are as follows: First, how do middle school teachers perceive "Student-participatory class"? Second, which kinds of practical efforts do middle school teachers make for involving students in class? Third, what are the characteristics of middle school teachers' understanding of "Student-participatory class" and what is the educational significance of it? In brief, the results of this study are as follows: At first, the teachers perceived "Student-participatory class" in two aspects. One is the "aspect of type of learning activity" and the other is the "aspect of students' learning experience". As an aspect of type of learning activity, teachers regarded "presentation and discussion class", "group study class", "project-based class", "not teacher-led but student-led class" as "Student-participatory class". This implies that the teachers equate "Student-participatory class" with an activity-centered class. In addition, as an aspect of students' learning experience, teachers perceived "enjoyable and lively class" or "class that learning takes place" as "Student-participatory class". This means teachers realized that "Student-participatory class" not only refers to the class which is just fun and lively but also the class where learning happens. Secondly, the teachers were making efforts to encourage students to take part in class in three ways: "lesson plan", "class operation", and "external work". First of all, regarding the lesson plan, teachers tried to "arouse students' interests", "show close relation between real-life and contents", "give students chances to move actively", "consider students' various levels" or "stimulate students intellectually" to draw their involvement. The teachers generally planned lessons by reconstructing contents to make them relevant to the students. Also, for class operation, the teachers tried to "maintain an amicable relationship with students", "form cooperative relationships among peers", "create class atmosphere", "use a reward and punishment system", or "offer teacher's personal help to students" for making students participate or engage in the class. Class operation was used to form various relationships in the class or for teachers to get involved in the students' work. Thirdly, teachers' understanding of "Student-participatory class" indicated four main features and the features implied educational significances as follows: first, teachers showed a characteristic of the "pursuit of meaningful learning through students' substantive engagement". They thought of "Student-participatory class" as "the class that seeks to learn above merely performing learning activities", and they considered intellectual engagement of students as well as behavioral and affective engagement. This understanding of teachers has a higher possibility to result in students' substantive engagement than political understanding which assumes "Student-participatory class" as an activity-centered class. Second, teachers showed "effort to create good relationships to make students participate in the class". They tried to involve students in the class by changing social factors such as the relationship between teacher and students, or class atmosphere. This implies that it is not sufficient to consider student participation (or engagement) on an individual scale because the class environment is comprised of a great number of students. Third, the teachers sought to make the class free of neglected students by "paying attention to the slow-paced students wishing for participation of every student". They recognized the fact that each student is in a different level and actively support students who suffer from level difference. This implies that student participation is not only about raising the quality of personal experience but also about guaranteeing rights of all students in the class. Fourth, teachers emphasized the "need for changing fundamental perspectives about the class beyond improving teaching methods". They thought students' spontaneous and active engagement requires change of perspective about learning the role of students and teachers. This research has two main significances as follows: the research revealed dynamic classroom context concerning student participation (or engagement) by exploring the matter of student engagement through teachers' perspectives. In addition, research was conducted to find out how to approach "Student-participatory class" more meaningfully by exploring on-site teachers' understanding of this. Despite these findings, still there remains certain limitations and they require additional studies as follows: first, this research involving teachers' understanding of "Student-participatory class" was handled by using interview-based qualitative research which leaves more to be investigated with regard to their practice. Second, another qualitative research targeting students themselves is required because this study examined the matter of student participation (or engagement) indirectly through the teachers' viewpoint. Third, this research explained the difference of understanding according to the teacher limitedly. Additional study on this is needed to figure out what factors lead teachers to have different understanding. Fourth, this study only explored the teachers' understanding of "Student-participatory class" in the context of middle school which leaves more to be studied in the context of elementary school and high school.β… . μ„œλ‘  1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 및 λͺ©μ  1 2. 연ꡬ 문제 6 β…‘. 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 8 1. 학생 μ°Έμ—¬(student engagement)의 μ˜λ―Έμ™€ 성격 8 κ°€. 학생 μ°Έμ—¬μ˜ κ°œλ… 8 λ‚˜. 학생 μ°Έμ—¬μ˜ μœ ν˜• 11 λ‹€. 학생 μ°Έμ—¬μ˜ μˆ˜μ€€ 12 라. 학생 μ°Έμ—¬μ˜ 질 14 2. '학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…'의 λ“±μž₯ λ°°κ²½ 및 νŠΉμ§• 15 κ°€. '학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…'의 λ“±μž₯ λ°°κ²½ 15 λ‚˜. '학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…'의 νŠΉμ§• 18 β…’. 연ꡬ 방법 22 1. 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 23 κ°€. 연ꡬ 사둀 23 λ‚˜. 연ꡬ μ°Έμ—¬μž 24 2. 자료의 μˆ˜μ§‘ 25 κ°€. 심측 λ©΄λ‹΄ 26 λ‚˜. μ°Έμ—¬ κ΄€μ°° 및 ν˜„μ§€ 자료 쑰사 27 3. 자료의 뢄석 및 해석 28 β…£. '학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…'에 κ΄€ν•œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 인식 31 1. ν•™μŠ΅ν™œλ™μ˜ μœ ν˜• μΈ‘λ©΄ 31 κ°€. λ°œν‘œ 및 ν† λ‘  μˆ˜μ—… 32 λ‚˜. λͺ¨λ‘  μˆ˜μ—… 33 λ‹€. ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ‹ μˆ˜μ—… 34 라. ꡐ사가 μ•„λ‹Œ 학생 주도적 μˆ˜μ—… 35 2. ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅κ²½ν—˜ μΈ‘λ©΄ 37 κ°€. 재미있고 ν™œλ°œν•œ μˆ˜μ—… 37 λ‚˜. ν™œλ™μ„ λ„˜μ–΄ 배움이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ—… 40 β…€. 학생듀을 μˆ˜μ—…μ— μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ μ‹€μ²œμ  λ…Έλ ₯ 44 1. μˆ˜μ—… λ‚΄μš© 섀계 44 κ°€. ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ ν₯λ―Έ 유발 45 λ‚˜. μ‹€μ œ μ‚Άκ³Όμ˜ μ—°κ΄€μ„± κ°•μ‘° 47 λ‹€. 직접 μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” ν™œλ™ 기회 λΆ€μ—¬ 55 라. μˆ˜μ€€ κ³ λ € 57 마. 지적 자극 제곡 61 2. μˆ˜μ—… 운영 63 κ°€. ν•™μƒκ³Όμ˜ 우호적 관계 μœ μ§€ 63 λ‚˜. 또래 κ°„ ν˜‘λ ₯ 관계 ν˜•μ„± 68 λ‹€. ν•™κΈ‰ λΆ„μœ„κΈ° μ‘°μ„± 71 라. 보상과 처벌 ν™œμš© 74 마. κ΅μ‚¬μ˜ 직접적 도움 제곡 76 3. μˆ˜μ—… 외적 λ…Έλ ₯ 79 κ°€. κ΅μ‚¬μ˜ ν™œλ°œν•œ 연ꡬ와 ν•™μŠ΅ 79 λ‚˜. κ΅μ‚¬μ˜ 일상적 λ…Έλ ₯ 83 λ‹€. λ™λ£Œ κ΅μ‚¬μ™€μ˜ ν˜‘λ ₯ 85 β…₯. κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ '학생 μ°Έμ—¬ν˜• μˆ˜μ—…' 이해에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ νŠΉμ§• λ…Όμ˜ 90 1. μ‹€μ§ˆμ  μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 의미 μžˆλŠ” λ°°μ›€μ˜ 좔ꡬ 90 2. 학생듀을 λŒμ–΄λ“€μ΄λŠ” 관계 ν˜•μ„±μ˜ λ…Έλ ₯ 96 3. λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 배움이 느린 학생듀에 λŒ€ν•œ μ£Όλͺ© 100 4. 방법을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„  μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ 근본적인 κ΄€μ μ˜ λ³€ν™” 103 β…¦. μš”μ•½ 및 κ²°λ‘  108 1. μš”μ•½ 108 2. κ²°λ‘  110 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 115 Abstract 121Maste
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