5 research outputs found
๊ฐ์ ๊ฐํธ ๋์์ ์ค ๊ฒฝ์ฅ์์ํ์์ ์์๊ด๋ฆฌ ์คํ : ๊ฐ์กฑ์๋ฐ์์ ์๋ฐํํฉ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ก์๊ตฌ๋๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋ณด๊ฑดํ๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ์ ๊ณต),2008. 2.Maste
ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๊ทผ์ก๋๊ณผ ์์ด์์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋ณด๊ฑด๋ํ์ ๋ณด๊ฑดํ๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ์ ๊ณต),2020. 2. ์ ํจ์ง.์๋ก
๊ทผ์ก๋์ ๊ฐ์๋ ๊ทผ์ก๋๊ณผ ๊ทผ์ก๊ฐ๋์ ์์ค๋ก ์ ์๋๋ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์์ธ์ด ๋๋ฉฐ ๋
ธํ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ ํ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋์ ๋ฐ ๊ณจ์ ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ, ์ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ๊ฐ์, ๋์ฌ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์ธ์๋ฆฐ ์ ํญ์ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฅ์ , ์
์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ง์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ํ์์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ ๋๋ค. ๋
ธํ๊ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง๋ง, ์ด ์ํ๋ ์ ์ฒดํ๋๋ถ์กฑ, ์์ฝ์ฌ์ญ์ทจ, ํก์ฐ ๋ฐ ์์๋ถ์กฑ ๋ฑ ์ค์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ํ์์ ๋ฐ ์์์์์ ์ํด ์
ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ ๋ค์ด ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ ์์ฌ์์ธ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋จ๋ฉด์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ํ์ฌ ์ผ์ผ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ ๊ถ์ฅ๋ 0.8g/kg BW(body weight)์ด ๋
ธ์ธ์ ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ฐฉํ๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ถ์กฑํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์ฑ์ด ๋น๋ง ๋ฐ ์์ฝ์ฌ ์ญ์ทจ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ธ๊ณผ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ ์๋ฐฉํจ๊ณผ์์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ํธ ์์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๋ จํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฐพ์๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ๋
ธ๋
๊ธฐ์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ด์ํ ๋์์ง๋ง ์ต๊ทผ์๋ ์ด๋ฅธ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋ชจ์์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด์ EWGSOP2 ๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ฉ์์๋ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋์์ด ์ค์ํจ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๋ฏธ๋์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ ์ค๋
ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ทผ์ก๋ ์ ํ์ ์์ฌ์์ธ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ๊ณผํ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๋ชฉ์
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์์ํ์์ธ์ ํ์
ํ๊ณ , ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ์ํ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ ์๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์์ฌ์ง์นจ์ ๊ณผํ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํจ์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์ธ๋ถ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํ๊ตญ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ์์์ ์ญ์ทจ ์คํ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ณ , ์์์ ์ญ์ทจ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์์ธ์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ๊ตญ ์ค๋
์ฑ์ธ์ ๋น๋ง์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ๊ตญ ์ค๋
์ฑ์ธ์ ์์ด ๋ค์ํ ๊ถ์ฅ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ์์ค๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ์์ฝ์ฌ ์ญ์ทจ์์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
Study 1.
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2010๋
์ 5๊ธฐ 1์ฐจ๋
๋(2010) ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ์์์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ๋์์ ์ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ, ๊ฒ์ง์กฐ์ฌ, ์์์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฃํ ๋ง 60์ธ ์ด์ ๋
ธ์ธ์ธ๊ตฌ 1869๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ค. ๋
ธ์ธ์ ์์ ์ํ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ์ฐ๋ น, ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ํ, ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์์ธ (ํ๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์๋, ๊ธฐ์ด์๊ธ, ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋), ๊ฑด๊ฐ ๊ด๋ จ์์ธ (๋ง์ฑ์งํ, ํ๋์ ํ, ์์ฌ์๋ฒ, ์ฐ์ธ, ์์ด์๊ฐ)์ ๋ํด ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์๋์ง ๋ฐ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ๋์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ์์์กฐ์ฌ ๋ด์ฉ ์ค 24์๊ฐ ํ์๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์งํ ์์ฌ์ญ์ทจ์กฐ์ฌ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์ธ ์์์ญ์ทจ๊ธฐ์ค (dietary reference intakes for Korean)์ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก ์๋์ง ํ์ ์ถ์ ๋ (estimated energy requirement, EER)์ 75% ์ด์ ์ญ์ทจํ ๊ตฐ (adequate group)๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ญ์ทจํ ๊ตฐ (inadequate group)์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์ฌ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ธ์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ํ๋ฃจ ์ญ์ทจ ๊ถ๊ณ ๋ (recommended daily allowance)์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 0.8g protein/kg ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์ญ์ทจํ ๊ตฐ (adequate group)๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ญ์ทจํ ๊ตฐ (inadequate group)์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ก์ง์คํฑ ํ๊ท๋ถ์์ ํตํด ์๋์ง์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์์ธ๋ค์ OR ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ์ถํ์๋ค.
์๋์ง ํ์ ์ถ์ ๋์ 75% ๋ฏธ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ญ์ทจํ๋ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ๋น์จ์ด ๋จ์๋ 23.7%, ์ฌ์๋ 31.1%์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ถ์กฑํ ์์์ ์ญ์ทจ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ด ์๋์ง ์ญ์ทจ๋์ ๋ํ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋๋ ์ ์ ํ ์ญ์ทจ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ณด๋ค ํ์ ํ ๋์๋ค (p <0.05). ๋ํ ์๋์ง ๋ฐ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์์ ์์ 5๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ธ์์ํ์ด ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์๋ฌผ์ฑ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ํ์ด์๋ค. ๋จ๋
๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ ฅ(OR; ๋จ์ 1.480, ์ฌ์ 1.614)๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋ถ(OR; ๋จ์ 1.751, ์ฌ์ 1.464)๊ฐ ์๋์ง ์ญ์ทจ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์๋์๊ณ , ๋จ์๋ 70์ธ ์ด์์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์๋์ง ์ญ์ทจ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ ํ๋ฅ ์ด 1.475๋ฐฐ, ์ฌ์๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ ์์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ๋๊ฑฐํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 1.496๋ฐฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋จ๋
๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ ฅ (OR; ๋จ์ 2.092, ์ฌ์ 2.030)์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๊ณ , ๋
๊ฑฐํ๋ ๋จ์์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์์์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ๋๊ฑฐํ๋ ์ฌ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ถ์กฑํ ํ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.059๋ฐฐ, 1.728๋ฐฐ๋ก ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ธ์๋ ๋จ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋ถ (OR: 1.738)์ ํ๋์ ํ(OR: 1.552)์ด ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ถ์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์๋์๋ค.
Study 2.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ ํฅ์ ์ญํ์กฐ์ฌ์ธ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ์ ์ฒด์ญํ์กฐ์ฌ์ฌ์
์ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ฝํธํธ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ 40~69์ธ ์ฑ์ธ 10,030๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์๋ 2001~2002๋
์ ๋ชจ์ง๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2๋
๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ 7๊ธฐ(2013~2014๋
)๊น์ง์ ์ถ์ ์กฐ์ฌ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ, ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์กฐ์ฌ์์ ์ ์ ๊ทผ์ก๋์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด 4412 ๋ช
์ ๋ถ์์ ํฌํจํ์๋ค. 1์ผ ์์์ ์ญ์ทจ๋์ ํ๋น๋๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋์ ์ํ์ญ์ทจ๋น๋์กฐ์ฌ์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ถ๋์๋ค. ์ ์ฒด ์กฐ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ค ์์ ๋ฐ 12 ๋
์ถ์ ์กฐ์ฌ ํ์ ์์ฒด ์ ๊ธฐ ์ํผ๋์ค ๋ถ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ธก์ ํ์๋ค. ์ ํ ํผํฉ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ 12 ๋
์ถ์ ์กฐ์ฌ ํ ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์กฐ์ฌ์์์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค.
๋ณด์ ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์กฐ์ฌ์์์ ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์กฐ์ ํ ํ, ์ต๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ต์ ์ผ๋ถ์์๋ฅผ ๋น๊ต ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์์ด ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ๊ฐ ๋จ์ฑ (ฮฒ=0.79, P=0.001)๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฑ (ฮฒ=0.28, P=0.082) ๋ชจ๋์์ 12๋
ํ์ ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ๋ฒ ์ด์ค ๋ผ์ธ์ ์ฒด์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ๋ณด์ ํ ํ์ ์ฝํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ ์ฒด์ค ๊ทธ๋ฃน์์ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ด ๋ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ง๋ง (๋จ์, ฮฒ=0.85, P=0.002; ์ฌ์, ฮฒ=0.97, P<0.001), ๋น๋ง ๊ทธ๋ฃน์์๋ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์๋ค. ๋น๋ง๊ตฐ์์๋ ์ฐ๋ น (๋จ์, ฮฒ=4.08, P<0.001; ์ฌ์, ฮฒ=2.61, P<0.001) ๋ฐ ๊ท์น์ ์ธ ์ ์ฒด ํ๋ (๋จ์, ฮฒ=0.88, P=0.054; ์ฌ์, ฮฒ=0.76, P<0.001)์ด 12 ๋
์ ์ถ์ ์กฐ์ฌ ํ ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ ์ํ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์์๋ค.
Study 3.
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ ํฅ์ ์ญํ์กฐ์ฌ์ธ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ์ ์ฒด์ญํ์กฐ์ฌ์ฌ์
์ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ฝํธํธ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ 40~69์ธ ์ฑ์ธ 10,030๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์๋ 2001~2002๋
์ ๋ชจ์ง๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2๋
๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ 7๊ธฐ(2013~2014๋
)๊น์ง์ ์ถ์ ์กฐ์ฌ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ, ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์กฐ์ฌ์์ ์ ์ ๊ทผ์ก๋์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด 4412 ๋ช
์ ๋ถ์์ ํฌํจํ์๋ค. 1์ผ ์์์ ์ญ์ทจ๋์ ํ๋น๋๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋์ ์ํ์ญ์ทจ๋น๋์กฐ์ฌ์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ถ๋์๋ค. ์ฒด์ค์ ๋ณด์ ํ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ์ง๋์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ์ง๋ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ข
๋ฃ ์์ ๊น์ง 2 ๋
๋ง๋ค ๋ค ์์ฒด ์ ๊ธฐ ์ํผ๋์ค ๋ถ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ฎ์ ๊ทผ์ก๋์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ค ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋ํ ์ฑ๋ณ-ํน์ ์ ์ ํ๊ท ๋ฏธ๋ง์ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ์ง๋ ์ง์ <2 SD๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ ์์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋น๊ต์ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฝ์ค๋น๋ก์ํ๋ชจํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค.
12 ๋
์ ์ถ์ ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ 395 ๋ช
์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋ฎ์ SMI๋ก ์ง๋จ๋์๋ค. ์ฝ์ค๋น๋ก์ํ๋ชจํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ค๋ณ๋ ๋ณด์ ํ, ๊ณ ๋จ๋ฐฑ ์ญ์ทจ (โฅ1.2 g/kg BW)๋ ๋ฎ์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ(<0.8 g/kg BW)์ ๋น๊ตํ์ ๋ ๋จ์์ ์ฌ์ ๋ชจ๋์์ ๋ฎ์ SMI ๋ฐ์์ ์ํ์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค(๋จ์: HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.16, 0.53; p for trend <0.001; ์ฌ์: HR, 0.29; 95 % CI, 0.16, 0.53; p for trend <0.001). SMI ๋ฐ์์ ๋ํ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ์ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ํฅ์ ์์ฝ์ฌ์ ์ญ์ทจํ์ง ์๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์์๋ง ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค(HR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.45 for comparing โฅ1.2g/kg BW vs. <0.8g/kg BW; p for trend <0.001).
๊ฒฐ๋ก
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข
ํฉํ์ฌ ๋ณผ ๋, ๋์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ๋ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ๊ทผ์ก๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ท๋ช
๋์๋ค. ๋
ธํ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ์ ๋ณ๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ์์ด ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์๊ตฌ๋์ด ํ์ฌ ๊ถ์ฅ๋๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ์ํฅ ์กฐ์ ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒํ ํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๊ฒ ๋ค. ๋ํ ์๋์ง ๋ฐ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์์ ์์ 5๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ธ์์ํ์ด ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์๋ฌผ์ฑ ์ํ์ธ ์ ์์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ง๋ จ์ ์์ด ๋
ธ์ธ์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ค์ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ชจ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ๋
ธํ์ ์ํ ์๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ณํ ์ธ์๋ ์์ฌ, ์ํ์ต๊ด ๋ฐ ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค์ํ ์์ธ์ ์ํด ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์ค๋
๋ฐ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ์ ์๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ๋ต์ผ๋ก์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ญ์ทจ์ ์ค์์ฑ์ ๋ํ ๋์ค์ ์ธ์์ ๋์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์์ฆ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ํ ์์ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ง๋ จ์ ์์ด ์์์ ์์ธ๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ๊ธ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฒดํ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋ฑ ์ํ์ต๊ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํจ์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.Introduction: The progressive loss of muscle mass is a primar criteria used to determine sarcopenia, a syndrome characterized by low muscle mass and strength. Sarcopenia has been associated with an increased risk of falls, fractures, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and reduced cardiopulmonary function. Ultimately, this condition results in disability, hospitalization, and death among older individuals. The etiology of sarcopenia is multifactorial. Although aging is the leading cause of sarcopenia, this condition can be accelerated by modifiable lifestyle and nutritional factors including low physical activity, high alcohol consumption, smoking, and undernutrition. While low protein intake is known to be a major nutritional factor contributing to muscle mass loss, there has been no Korean cohort study on the long-term effects of dietary protein on muscle mass changes. Furthermore, increasingly accumulating evidence suggests that the current recommended protein daily allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g/kg body weight (BW) might not be adequate to maintain lean mass and prevent functional decline among the elderly. In addition, little is known about the potential interacting effects of sarcopenia-related factors such as obesity, alcohol consumption, and protein intake on sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is common among older adults but can also occur in younger individuals. The Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older people 2 (EWGSOP 2) calls for healthcare professionals who treat patients at risk of sarcopenia to take actions that will promote early detection and treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the association between dietary factors and age-related changes in muscle mass among Korean middle-aged individuals and older adults, whose functional deficits and subsequent risk of falling may substantially increase in the near future.
Objectives: The present study aimed to provide scientific evidence for establishing a policy to prevent muscle mass loss among Korean adults. This study was composed of three sub-studies.
The objective of the first sub-study was to identify the socioeconomic factors associated with inadequate nutrient intake among elderly Koreans using national survey data.
The second sub-study aimed to investigate the effects of protein intake on changes in lean mass according to obesity status in middle-aged individuals using prospective cohort study data.
The objective of the third sub-study was to identify the effects of various recommended protein intake levels on the development of low muscle mass according to levels of alcohol consumption in middle-aged individuals using prospective cohort study data.
Methods: The first sub-study included a total of 1869 elderly people aged 60 years and older who completed a dietary survey from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010). The factors that could affect the nutritional status of the elderly such as age, family status, socioeconomic factors (education, family income, livelihood security, employment) and health-related factors (having a chronic disease, functional status, diet therapy, depression, and suicidal thoughts) were examined. Energy and protein intakes were analyzed by using the dietary intake data collected via the 24-h recall method. Based on the dietary reference intakes for Koreans, the relevant factors were analyzed by dividing the participants into a group that consumed more than 75% of the estimated energy requirements (EER) (adequate group) and those who consumed less than 75% of the EER (inadequate group). Subjects were also categorized as below the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for protein (inadequate group; <0.8 g protein/kg) or at or above the RDA (adequate group; โฅ0.8 g protein/kg). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of socioeconomic factors associated with inadequat4e energy and protein intake.
The second sub-study obtained data from the Korea Genome and Epidemiology Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. A total of 4412 middle-aged participants with normal baseline skeletal muscle mass were included. Dietary intake was measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and after a 12-year follow-up. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the associations between protein intake at baseline and lean mass at 12-year follow-up.
The third sub-study obtained data from the Korea Genome and Epidemiology Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. A total of 4412 middle-aged participants with normal baseline skeletal muscle mass were included. Dietary intake was measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and baseline alcohol consumption data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), defined as the weight-adjusted skeletal muscle mass, was measured using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyses every 2 years until the study endpoint. Low muscle mass was defined as an SMI <2 standard deviations below the sex-specific normal mean for a young reference group. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of the association between total protein intake and the development of a low SMI during follow-up according to alcohol consumption.
Results: In the first sub-study, the carbohydrate contribution to the total energy intake in the inadequate energy intake group was significantly higher than that in the adequate intake group (p<0.05). In addition, in the groups with insufficient energy and protein intake, the top 5 most consumed foods were vegetables. In both men and women, educational level (OR:1.480 in men, 1.614 in women) and employment status (OR:1.751 in men, 1.464 in women) were associated with inadequate energy intake. Men aged 70 years and older showed 1.475 times higher odds of energy insufficiency compared to those aged 60-69 years, and women living with their families without a spouse showed 1.496 times higher odds of energy insufficiency compared to those living with their partner. Educational level was associated with the inadequate protein intake in both men (OR: 2.092) and women (OR: 2.030). In the family status, men living alone and women living with their families without a spouse showed 2.059 times and 1.728 times higher odds of protein insufficiency compared to those living with their partner, respectively. In addition, unemployment (OR: 1.738) and functional limitation (OR: 1.552) were found to be associated with inadequate protein intake in men.
In the second sub-study, after adjusting for covariates and lean mass at baseline, comparisons between the highest and lowest tertiles revealed that dietary protein intake was positively associated with lean mass in both men (ฮฒ=0.79, P=0.001) and women (ฮฒ=0.28, P=0.082) after the 12-year period. However, these differences were attenuated after additional adjustment for fat mass at baseline and were stronger in the normal-weight group (men, ฮฒ=0.85, P=0.002; women, ฮฒ=0.97, P<0.001) but were not detected in the obese group. In the obese group, age (men, ฮฒ=4.08, P<0.001; women, ฮฒ=2.61, P<0.001) and regular physical activity(men, ฮฒ=0.88, P=0.054; women, ฮฒ=0.76, P<0.001) were significantly associated with lean mass after 12 years of follow-up.
Lastly, in the third sub-study, during a 12-year follow-up, 395 subjects developed a low SMI. After multivariate adjustments, high protein intake (โฅ1.2 g/kg body weight [BW]) was shown to reduce the risk of low SMI development in both men (HR: 0.24; 95% con๏ฌdence interval [CI]: 0.12, 0.51; p for trend<0.001) and women (HR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.53; p for trend<0.001) compared with low protein intake (<0.8 g/kg BW). An inverse association between high protein intake and risk of a low SMI was limited to women who did not drink alcohol (HR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.45 for comparing โฅ1.2 g/kg BW vs. <0.8 g/kg BW; p for trend <0.001).
Conclusions: This study found that high dietary protein intake was associated with improved muscle mass in older adults. Given the increasing prevalence of sarcopenia with aging, dietary protein requirements in older adults may need to be higher than currently recommended intake. In addition, in the groups with insufficient energy and protein intake, the top 5 most consumed foods were vegetables. Therefore, it is important to increase protein intake to prevent sarcopenia. The findings from this study showed that muscle loss could be affected by various factors including diet, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors, in addition to physiological changes caused by aging. We observed that muscle loss is related to lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption, exercise, and obesity status in addition to protein intake. Further socioeconomic factors such as family status and employment were also identified as factors related to inadequate energy and protein intake. Therefore, raising public awareness of the importance of protein intake on the status of muscle mass in middle-aged and older adults is critical in the prevention and management of sarcopenia. The study results suggest that comprehensive nutrition programs, including lifestyle improvements, should be implemented to prevent sarcopenia.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1-1. Sarcopenia in an aging society 2
1-2. Definition of sarcopenia 8
1-3. Etiology of sarcopenia 18
1-4. Dietary factors affecting loss of muscle mass 23
1-5. Lifestyle factors affecting loss of muscle mass 37
1-6. Objectives 44
Chapter 2. Socioeconomic status is associated with the in adequate energy and protein intake among Korean elderly 46
2-1. Introduction 48
2-2. Subjects and Methods 50
2-3. Results 54
2-4. Discussion 72
2-5. Conclusions 78
Chapter 3. Impact of dietary protein intake and obesity on lean mass in middle-aged individuals after a 12-year follow-up: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) 79
3-1. Introduction 81
3-2. Subjects and Methods 84
3-3. Results 90
3-4. Discussion 114
3-5. Conclusions 120
Chapter 4. The effect of protein intake on muscle mass according to the alcohol consumption in middle-aged Korean adults: A 12-year community-based prospective cohort study 121
4-1. Introduction 123
4-2. Subjects and Methods 125
4-3. Results 132
4-4. Discussion 143
4-5. Conclusions 149
Chapter 5. Overall Discussion and Conclusion 151
5-1. Overall discussion 152
5-2. Conclusions 165
References 167
Appendices 188
Abstract (in Korean) 196Docto