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    ๊ฐ€์ •๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ ๊ฒฝ์žฅ์˜์–‘ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜์–‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹คํƒœ : ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ˆ˜๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฐœํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์š”๊ตฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ „๊ณต),2008. 2.Maste

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์‹์ด์š”์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ „๊ณต),2020. 2. ์ •ํšจ์ง€.์„œ๋ก  ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ทผ์œก๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์†Œ์‹ค๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚™์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ณจ์ ˆ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ์‹ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์žฅ์• , ์ž…์› ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ๋‹ค. ๋…ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ๋ฐœ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™๋ถ€์กฑ, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ญ์ทจ, ํก์—ฐ ๋ฐ ์˜์–‘๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ ์ค‘์žฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ์–‘์‹ ๋ฐ ์˜์–‘์š”์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•…ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์‹์‚ฌ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ผ์ผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋Ÿ‰ 0.8g/kg BW(body weight)์ด ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ œ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ๋น„๋งŒ ๋ฐ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์„ญ์ทจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํšจ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์š” ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์€ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ด์Šˆํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋ชจ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— EWGSOP2 ๊ฐœ์ • ๋‚ด์šฉ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ์‹์‚ฌ์š”์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹์ƒํ™œ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹์‚ฌ์ง€์นจ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์˜์–‘์†Œ ์„ญ์ทจ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜์–‘์†Œ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ค‘๋…„ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ์™€ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ค‘๋…„ ์„ฑ์ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์žฅ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์„ญ์ทจ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Study 1. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2010๋…„ ์ œ 5๊ธฐ 1์ฐจ๋…„๋„(2010) ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ๊ฒ€์ง„์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋งŒ 60์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ์ธ๊ตฌ 1869๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์˜์–‘ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ƒํƒœ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ (ํ•™๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“, ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™), ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ (๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜, ํ™œ๋™์ œํ•œ, ์‹์‚ฌ์š”๋ฒ•, ์šฐ์šธ, ์ž์‚ด์ƒ๊ฐ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ค‘ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ์ƒ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์‹์‚ฌ์„ญ์ทจ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์˜์–‘์„ญ์ทจ๊ธฐ์ค€ (dietary reference intakes for Korean)์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•„์š” ์ถ”์ •๋Ÿ‰ (estimated energy requirement, EER)์˜ 75% ์ด์ƒ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ๊ตฐ (adequate group)๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ๊ตฐ (inadequate group)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์„ญ์ทจ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋Ÿ‰ (recommended daily allowance)์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 0.8g protein/kg ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ๊ตฐ (adequate group)๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ๊ตฐ (inadequate group)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ๋“ค์˜ OR ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•„์š” ์ถ”์ •๋Ÿ‰์˜ 75% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” 23.7%, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” 31.1%์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์˜์–‘์†Œ ์„ญ์ทจ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์„ญ์ทจ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค (p <0.05). ๋˜ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธ‰์›์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•™๋ ฅ(OR; ๋‚จ์ž 1.480, ์—ฌ์ž 1.614)๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™ ์—ฌ๋ถ€(OR; ๋‚จ์ž 1.751, ์—ฌ์ž 1.464)๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” 70์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 1.475๋ฐฐ, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž ์—†์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋™๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1.496๋ฐฐ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•™๋ ฅ (OR; ๋‚จ์ž 2.092, ์—ฌ์ž 2.030)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋…๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์—†์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋™๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.059๋ฐฐ, 1.728๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ (OR: 1.738)์™€ ํ™œ๋™์ œํ•œ(OR: 1.552)์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Study 2. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ „ํ–ฅ์  ์—ญํ•™์กฐ์‚ฌ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์œ ์ „์ฒด์—ญํ•™์กฐ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์•ˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์‚ฐ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” 40~69์„ธ ์„ฑ์ธ 10,030๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 2001~2002๋…„์— ๋ชจ์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2๋…„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ 7๊ธฐ(2013~2014๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ถ”์ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด 4412 ๋ช…์„ ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1์ผ ์˜์–‘์†Œ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ญ์ทจ๋นˆ๋„์กฐ์‚ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ฒด ์กฐ์„ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹œ์  ๋ฐ 12 ๋…„ ์ถ”์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ›„์— ์ƒ์ฒด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 12 ๋…„ ์ถ”์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ›„ ์ œ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ •๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์ œ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ € ์‚ผ๋ถ„์œ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ (ฮฒ=0.79, P=0.001)๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ (ฮฒ=0.28, P=0.082) ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ 12๋…„ ํ›„์˜ ์ œ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์–‘์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ์ฒด์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ํ›„์— ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ƒ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ (๋‚จ์ž, ฮฒ=0.85, P=0.002; ์—ฌ์ž, ฮฒ=0.97, P<0.001), ๋น„๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋น„๋งŒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น (๋‚จ์ž, ฮฒ=4.08, P<0.001; ์—ฌ์ž, ฮฒ=2.61, P<0.001) ๋ฐ ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ฒด ํ™œ๋™ (๋‚จ์ž, ฮฒ=0.88, P=0.054; ์—ฌ์ž, ฮฒ=0.76, P<0.001)์ด 12 ๋…„์˜ ์ถ”์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ›„ ์ œ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Study 3. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ „ํ–ฅ์  ์—ญํ•™์กฐ์‚ฌ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์œ ์ „์ฒด์—ญํ•™์กฐ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์•ˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์‚ฐ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” 40~69์„ธ ์„ฑ์ธ 10,030๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 2001~2002๋…„์— ๋ชจ์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2๋…„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ 7๊ธฐ(2013~2014๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ถ”์ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด 4412 ๋ช…์„ ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1์ผ ์˜์–‘์†Œ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ญ์ทจ๋นˆ๋„์กฐ์‚ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ 2 ๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค ์ƒ์ฒด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ Š์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„-ํŠน์ • ์ •์ƒ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง€์ˆ˜ <2 SD๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ•์Šค๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 12 ๋…„์˜ ์ถ”์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 395 ๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ SMI๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ•์Šค๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์ • ํ›„, ๊ณ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ์„ญ์ทจ (โ‰ฅ1.2 g/kg BW)๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ(<0.8 g/kg BW)์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ SMI ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(๋‚จ์ž: HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.16, 0.53; p for trend <0.001; ์—ฌ์ž: HR, 0.29; 95 % CI, 0.16, 0.53; p for trend <0.001). SMI ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(HR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.45 for comparing โ‰ฅ1.2g/kg BW vs. <0.8g/kg BW; p for trend <0.001). ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๋†’์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‹์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธ‰์›์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ธ ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋งˆ๋ จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์€ ๋…ธํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™” ์™ธ์—๋„ ์‹์‚ฌ, ์ƒํ™œ์Šต๊ด€ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ค‘๋…„ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ญ์ทจ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์–‘ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋งˆ๋ จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์˜์–‘์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ธˆ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒดํ™œ๋™ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ ์ƒํ™œ์Šต๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Introduction: The progressive loss of muscle mass is a primar criteria used to determine sarcopenia, a syndrome characterized by low muscle mass and strength. Sarcopenia has been associated with an increased risk of falls, fractures, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and reduced cardiopulmonary function. Ultimately, this condition results in disability, hospitalization, and death among older individuals. The etiology of sarcopenia is multifactorial. Although aging is the leading cause of sarcopenia, this condition can be accelerated by modifiable lifestyle and nutritional factors including low physical activity, high alcohol consumption, smoking, and undernutrition. While low protein intake is known to be a major nutritional factor contributing to muscle mass loss, there has been no Korean cohort study on the long-term effects of dietary protein on muscle mass changes. Furthermore, increasingly accumulating evidence suggests that the current recommended protein daily allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g/kg body weight (BW) might not be adequate to maintain lean mass and prevent functional decline among the elderly. In addition, little is known about the potential interacting effects of sarcopenia-related factors such as obesity, alcohol consumption, and protein intake on sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is common among older adults but can also occur in younger individuals. The Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older people 2 (EWGSOP 2) calls for healthcare professionals who treat patients at risk of sarcopenia to take actions that will promote early detection and treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the association between dietary factors and age-related changes in muscle mass among Korean middle-aged individuals and older adults, whose functional deficits and subsequent risk of falling may substantially increase in the near future. Objectives: The present study aimed to provide scientific evidence for establishing a policy to prevent muscle mass loss among Korean adults. This study was composed of three sub-studies. The objective of the first sub-study was to identify the socioeconomic factors associated with inadequate nutrient intake among elderly Koreans using national survey data. The second sub-study aimed to investigate the effects of protein intake on changes in lean mass according to obesity status in middle-aged individuals using prospective cohort study data. The objective of the third sub-study was to identify the effects of various recommended protein intake levels on the development of low muscle mass according to levels of alcohol consumption in middle-aged individuals using prospective cohort study data. Methods: The first sub-study included a total of 1869 elderly people aged 60 years and older who completed a dietary survey from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010). The factors that could affect the nutritional status of the elderly such as age, family status, socioeconomic factors (education, family income, livelihood security, employment) and health-related factors (having a chronic disease, functional status, diet therapy, depression, and suicidal thoughts) were examined. Energy and protein intakes were analyzed by using the dietary intake data collected via the 24-h recall method. Based on the dietary reference intakes for Koreans, the relevant factors were analyzed by dividing the participants into a group that consumed more than 75% of the estimated energy requirements (EER) (adequate group) and those who consumed less than 75% of the EER (inadequate group). Subjects were also categorized as below the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for protein (inadequate group; <0.8 g protein/kg) or at or above the RDA (adequate group; โ‰ฅ0.8 g protein/kg). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of socioeconomic factors associated with inadequat4e energy and protein intake. The second sub-study obtained data from the Korea Genome and Epidemiology Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. A total of 4412 middle-aged participants with normal baseline skeletal muscle mass were included. Dietary intake was measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and after a 12-year follow-up. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the associations between protein intake at baseline and lean mass at 12-year follow-up. The third sub-study obtained data from the Korea Genome and Epidemiology Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. A total of 4412 middle-aged participants with normal baseline skeletal muscle mass were included. Dietary intake was measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and baseline alcohol consumption data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), defined as the weight-adjusted skeletal muscle mass, was measured using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyses every 2 years until the study endpoint. Low muscle mass was defined as an SMI <2 standard deviations below the sex-specific normal mean for a young reference group. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of the association between total protein intake and the development of a low SMI during follow-up according to alcohol consumption. Results: In the first sub-study, the carbohydrate contribution to the total energy intake in the inadequate energy intake group was significantly higher than that in the adequate intake group (p<0.05). In addition, in the groups with insufficient energy and protein intake, the top 5 most consumed foods were vegetables. In both men and women, educational level (OR:1.480 in men, 1.614 in women) and employment status (OR:1.751 in men, 1.464 in women) were associated with inadequate energy intake. Men aged 70 years and older showed 1.475 times higher odds of energy insufficiency compared to those aged 60-69 years, and women living with their families without a spouse showed 1.496 times higher odds of energy insufficiency compared to those living with their partner. Educational level was associated with the inadequate protein intake in both men (OR: 2.092) and women (OR: 2.030). In the family status, men living alone and women living with their families without a spouse showed 2.059 times and 1.728 times higher odds of protein insufficiency compared to those living with their partner, respectively. In addition, unemployment (OR: 1.738) and functional limitation (OR: 1.552) were found to be associated with inadequate protein intake in men. In the second sub-study, after adjusting for covariates and lean mass at baseline, comparisons between the highest and lowest tertiles revealed that dietary protein intake was positively associated with lean mass in both men (ฮฒ=0.79, P=0.001) and women (ฮฒ=0.28, P=0.082) after the 12-year period. However, these differences were attenuated after additional adjustment for fat mass at baseline and were stronger in the normal-weight group (men, ฮฒ=0.85, P=0.002; women, ฮฒ=0.97, P<0.001) but were not detected in the obese group. In the obese group, age (men, ฮฒ=4.08, P<0.001; women, ฮฒ=2.61, P<0.001) and regular physical activity(men, ฮฒ=0.88, P=0.054; women, ฮฒ=0.76, P<0.001) were significantly associated with lean mass after 12 years of follow-up. Lastly, in the third sub-study, during a 12-year follow-up, 395 subjects developed a low SMI. After multivariate adjustments, high protein intake (โ‰ฅ1.2 g/kg body weight [BW]) was shown to reduce the risk of low SMI development in both men (HR: 0.24; 95% con๏ฌdence interval [CI]: 0.12, 0.51; p for trend<0.001) and women (HR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.53; p for trend<0.001) compared with low protein intake (<0.8 g/kg BW). An inverse association between high protein intake and risk of a low SMI was limited to women who did not drink alcohol (HR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.45 for comparing โ‰ฅ1.2 g/kg BW vs. <0.8 g/kg BW; p for trend <0.001). Conclusions: This study found that high dietary protein intake was associated with improved muscle mass in older adults. Given the increasing prevalence of sarcopenia with aging, dietary protein requirements in older adults may need to be higher than currently recommended intake. In addition, in the groups with insufficient energy and protein intake, the top 5 most consumed foods were vegetables. Therefore, it is important to increase protein intake to prevent sarcopenia. The findings from this study showed that muscle loss could be affected by various factors including diet, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors, in addition to physiological changes caused by aging. We observed that muscle loss is related to lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption, exercise, and obesity status in addition to protein intake. Further socioeconomic factors such as family status and employment were also identified as factors related to inadequate energy and protein intake. Therefore, raising public awareness of the importance of protein intake on the status of muscle mass in middle-aged and older adults is critical in the prevention and management of sarcopenia. The study results suggest that comprehensive nutrition programs, including lifestyle improvements, should be implemented to prevent sarcopenia.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1-1. Sarcopenia in an aging society 2 1-2. Definition of sarcopenia 8 1-3. Etiology of sarcopenia 18 1-4. Dietary factors affecting loss of muscle mass 23 1-5. Lifestyle factors affecting loss of muscle mass 37 1-6. Objectives 44 Chapter 2. Socioeconomic status is associated with the in adequate energy and protein intake among Korean elderly 46 2-1. Introduction 48 2-2. Subjects and Methods 50 2-3. Results 54 2-4. Discussion 72 2-5. Conclusions 78 Chapter 3. Impact of dietary protein intake and obesity on lean mass in middle-aged individuals after a 12-year follow-up: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) 79 3-1. Introduction 81 3-2. Subjects and Methods 84 3-3. Results 90 3-4. Discussion 114 3-5. Conclusions 120 Chapter 4. The effect of protein intake on muscle mass according to the alcohol consumption in middle-aged Korean adults: A 12-year community-based prospective cohort study 121 4-1. Introduction 123 4-2. Subjects and Methods 125 4-3. Results 132 4-4. Discussion 143 4-5. Conclusions 149 Chapter 5. Overall Discussion and Conclusion 151 5-1. Overall discussion 152 5-2. Conclusions 165 References 167 Appendices 188 Abstract (in Korean) 196Docto
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