18 research outputs found
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Abstract 111Maste
Sensitivity of the East Asian summer monsoon to remotely sensed vegetation and moisture in a regional climate model
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Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μμ°κ³Όνλν ννλΆ, 2018. 2. μλ³ν.Controlling or optimizing the functional nanostructures based on polymeric nanomaterials and their device applications have been intensively studied. Because nanostructured thin films of block copolymers (BCPs) and conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) act as building block and interlayer material, respectively, they have been widely studied as promising candidates for nanoscale device applications. Furthermore, nanostructures of TiO2 from self-assembled BCP have unique optoelectronic properties, they are useful for optoelectronic applications, including solar cell, photocatalysts, and sensors.
Diblock copolymers (BCPs), composed of two different polymers connected to each other with a covalent bonds, form nanosize structures such as spheres, cylinders, and lamellae by microphase separation. The morphology, size, and spacing of the nanostructures can be easily controlled by varying the volume ratios between the blocks and molecular weights. BCP nanostructures are useful to design nanostructured materials by using the BCP nanostructures as patterning masks for etching or as templates for the deposition or growth of materials. The CPEs as polymeric nanomaterials, which are conjugated backbones with side-chains bearing ionic functional groups, are widely used by nanostructured thin film based devices such as light emitting devices, thin-film transistors, and solar cells as well as biological and chemical sensors. The chemical structures of CPEs can be modified by synthetic chemistry, offering good opportunities for tuning the chemical, electrical and optical properties of the materials.
In this thesis, the fabrication and their applications of vertically aligned TiO2 nanostructures from BCP nanotemplates and the application of a polymeric film based on 1,4-bis(4-sulfonatobutoxy)benzene and thiophene moieties (PhNa-1T) are discussed. The controllability over the dimension and shape of BCP nanoporous templates allowed for the adjustment of TiO2 nanostructures for various aims. Since the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) film provided effective transferring, superhydrophobic TiO2 nanorods from BCP cylindrical nanotemplate were conveyed onto a flexible polymer film and a metal substrate. Furthermore, due to the effective building block for deposition of perovskite absorbers and anatase crystallinity of perpendicularly oriented TiO2 nanostructures from BCP nanotemplates, it is applied to electron transporting layer for perovskite solar cells. In addition, because of the polymeric film based on PhNa-1T with excellent charge transporting properties and extremely smooth surface, it is beneficial for hole transporting layer between the electrode and perovskite layers.
In Chapter I, the usefulness and significance of polymeric nanomaterials are discussed and the theoretical background of BCPs and conjugated polymers (CPs) are briefly introduced. Lastly, methods which are used to fabricate functional nanostructures using BCP nanostructures are discussed as well. In addition, the importance of CPEs is discussed and the several unique advantages of CPEs are shortly introduced. Also, the functional nanostructures of BCPs and CPEs from polymeric nanomaterials are applied to nanotechnology such as superhydrophobic surfaces and photovoltages.
In Chapter II, we report transferrable superhydrophobicity which was enabled by fabricating TiO2 nanorods on a reduced graphene oxide film. Superhydrophobic TiO2 nanorods were synthesized from a nanoporous template of BCPs. The controllability over the dimension and shape of nanopores of the BCP template allowed for the adjustment of TiO2 nanostructures for superhydrophobicity. Since the reduced graphene oxide film provided effective transferring, superhydrophobic TiO2 nanorods were conveyed onto a flexible polymer film and a metal substrate. Thus, the surface of the designated substrate was successfully changed to superhydrophobic surface without alteration of its inherent characteristics.
In Chapter III, we fabricated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with enhanced device efficiency based on vertically oriented TiO2 nanostructures using BCP nanoporous templates. Structured dimension and shape controllability of the nanopores of the BCP template allowed for the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods and TiO2 nanowalls as an electron transport layer (ETL). The TiO2 nanorods-based PSCs showed more efficient charge separation and lower charge recombination, leading to better performance compared to TiO2 nanowalls based solar cells. The champion solar cells with TiO2 nanorods showed an efficiency of 15.5% with VOC = 1.02 V, JSC = 20.0 mA/cm2 and fill factor = 76.1%. Thus, perpendicularly oriented TiO2 nanostructures fabricated from BCP nanotemplates could be applied to the preparation of electron transport layers for improving the efficiency of PSCs.
In Chapter IV, we introduce a novel polymeric hole-transport material based on conjugated polyelectrolytes (PhNa-1T) and its application as a hole-transport layer (HTL) material of high-performance PSCs on flexible substrate. Compared with the conventionally used PEDOT:PSS, the incorporation of PhNa-1T into HTL of the PSC device was demonstrated to be more effective for improving charge extraction from the perovskite absorber to the HTL and suppressing charge recombination in the bulk perovskite and HTL/perovskite interface. As a result, the flexible PSC using PhNa-1T achieved high photovoltaic performances with an impressive power conversion efficiency of 14.7%. Moreover, the neutral characteristic of PhNa-1T-based flexible PSCs showed much improved stability under an ambient condition than the acidic characteristic of PEDOT:PSS-based PSCs. Thus, flexible PSCs with high efficiency and good air stability can be fabricated by using the polymeric HTL (PhNa-1T).Chapter I. Introduction 1
1-1. Motivation 2
1-2. Block copolymers 3
1-3. Conjugated polyelectrolytes 7
1-4. Nanotechnology applications 10
1-5. References 33
Chapter II. Transferrable superhydrophobic TiO2 nanorods on reduced graphene oxide films using block copolymer templates 24
2-1. Introduction 25
2-2. Experimental section 26
2-3. Results and discussion 29
2-4. Conclusions 37
2-5. References 38
Chapter III. Vertically Aligned Nanostructured TiO2 Photoelectrodes for High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells via a Block Copolymer Template Approach 41
3-1. Introduction 42
3-2. Experimental section 44
3-3. Results and discussion 47
3-4. Conclusions 58
3-5. References 59
Chapter IV. Improving Performance and Stability of Flexible Planar-Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Using Polymeric Hole-Transport Material 65
4-1. Introduction 66
4-2. Experimental section 68
4-3. Results and discussion 71
4-4. Conclusions 92
4-5. References 92
Abstract in Korean 100Docto
Changes of precipitation extremes over South Korea projected by the 5 RCMs under RCP scenarios
The change of extreme precipitation is assessed with the HadGEM2-AO - 5 Regional Climate Models (RCMs) chain, which is a national downscaling project undertaken cooperatively by several South Korean institutes aimed at producing regional climate change projection with fine resolution (12.5 km) around the Korean Peninsula. The downscaling domain, resolution and lateral boundary conditions are held the same among the 5 RCMs to minimize the uncertainties from model configuration. Climatological changes reveal a statistically significant increase in the mid-21st century (2046- 2070; Fut1) and the late-21st century (2076-2100; Fut2) precipitation properties related to extreme precipitation, such as precipitation intensity and average of upper 5 percentile daily precipitation, with respect to the reference period (1981-2005). Changes depending on the intensity categories also present a clear trend of decreasing light rain and increasing heavy rain. In accordance with these results, the change of 1-in-50 year maximum precipitation intensity over South Korea is estimated by the GEV method. The result suggests that the 50-year return value (RV50) will change from -32.69% to 72.7% and from -31.6% to 96.32% in Fut1 and from -31.97% to 86.25% and from -19.45% to 134.88% in Fut2 under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively, at the 90% confidence level. This study suggests that multi-RCMs can be used to reduce uncertainties and assess the future change of extreme precipitation more reliably. Moreover, future projection of the regional climate change contains uncertainties evoked from not only driving GCM but also RCM. Therefore, multi-GCM and multi-RCM studies are expected to provide more robust projection.clos
Future changes in drought characteristics over South Korea using multi regional climate models with the standardized precipitation index
In this study, the projection of future drought conditions is estimated over South Korea based on the latest and most advanced sets of regional climate model simulations under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) scenarios, within the context of the national downscaling project of the Republic of Korea.
The five Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are used to produce climate-change simulations around the Korean Peninsula and to estimate the uncertainty associated with these simulations. The horizontal resolution of each RCM is 12.5 km and model simulations are available for historical (1981-2010) and future (2021-2100) periods under forcing from the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. To assess the characteristics of drought on multiple time scales in the future, we use Standardized Precipitation Indices for 1-month (SPI- 1), 6-month (SPI-6) and 12-month (SPI-12). The number of drought months in the future is shown to be characterized by strong variability, with both increasing and decreasing trends among the scenarios. In particular, the number of drought months over South Korea is projected to increase (decrease) for the period 2041-2070 in the RCP8.5 (RCP4.5) scenario and increase (decrease) for the period 2071-2100 in the RCP4.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. In addition, the percentage area under any drought condition is overall projected to gradually decrease over South Korea during the entire future period, with the exception of SPI-1 in the RCP4.5 scenario. Particularly, the drought areas for SPI-1 in the RCP4.5 scenario show weakly positive long-term trend. Otherwise, future changes in drought areas for SPI- 6 and SPI-12 have a marked downward trend under the two RCP scenarios.1131Nsciescopuskc