82 research outputs found

    ๋น„์Šคํฌ์Šคํฌ๋„ค์ดํŠธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์•…๊ณจ๊ดด์‚ฌ- ์„ธํฌ ํŠน์ด์  ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์„œ๋ณ‘๋ฌด.Background and Purpose Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a challenging complication, the pathophysiology of which is not completely understood. The aims of this study were two folds: (1) to identify the risk factors associated with relapse or treatment failure after surgery for BRONJ in osteoporosis patients and (2) experimentally to investigate the effect of zoledronate on dental stem cells. Part I. Clinical study [Patients and methods] This was a retrospective cohort study of BRONJ in patients with osteoporosis who had undergone surgical procedures between 2004 and 2016 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital. The heterogeneous predictor variables were demographic (age and sex), anatomic (maxilla, mandible, maxilla plus mandible, affected location), clinical (disease stage, etiology, comorbidities, and history of intravenous bisphosphonate intake), time-related (conservative treatment before surgery, bisphosphonate treatment before BRONJ development, discontinuation of the drug before surgery, interval to final follow-up, and interval to reoperation in the case of relapse or treatment failure), and perioperative variables (type of anesthesia and type of surgical procedure). The primary outcome variable was relapse after surgery that required reoperation (yes vs. no). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed to assess the relationships among the study variables and the outcome. To determine risk factors, a survival analysis was conducted using the Cox model. [Results] The final sample consisted of 325 subjects with a median age of 75 years. Ninety-seven percent of the subjects were female. After surgery, 30% of the patients did not completely recuperate and received repeat surgeries. The time from the first surgery to reoperation ranged from 10 days to 5.6 years. Relapse or treatment failure occurred most often immediately after surgery. The type of surgical procedure and type of anesthesia were the most important factors for the treatment outcome. Drug holiday did not appear to influence the occurrence of relapse after surgery. Part II. In vitro study [Materials and methods] Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) treated with various concentrations of zoledronate were investigated with regard to proliferation and differentiation capacity. The osteogenic differentiation of dental stem cells treated with zoledronate was evaluated by alizarin red S staining and alkaline phosphatase activity staining. RT-PCR was performed to compare MSX1, osteocalcin, collagen type I, and EF1a mRNA levels. Apoptosis was detected using FITC-Annexin V and PI staining assay. The dental stem cells were treated with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 to evaluate the possibility of overcoming the effects of zoledronate. [Results] High concentrations of zoledronate suppressed PDLSC and BMSC viability. The apoptosis of PDLSCs and BMSCs was triggered by both zoledronate and BMP-2. Higher concentrations of zoledronate triggered apoptotic activity in BMSCs, but additional BMP-2 treatment did not affect the apoptotic activity triggered by zoledronate. Moreover, zoledronate treatment significantly suppressed the formation of calcium deposits on PDLSCs and BMSCs regardless of BMP-2 treatment. BMP-2 treatment did not overcome the inhibitory effects of zoledronate on the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and BMSCs. The MSX1 gene, highly expressed during craniofacial development, was significantly suppressed by 10 ฮผM of zoledronate during the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and BMSCs. Conclusions Surgical treatment of BRONJ in osteoporosis patients may benefit from more careful and extensive surgical procedures rather than curettage under local anesthesia. Zoledronate at high doses inhibited the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and MSX1 expression of dental stem cells. These findings indicate that zoledronate has negative effects on the regenerative capacity of dental stem cells, which may also explain the disease progression of BRONJ.Introduction Part I. Clinical study A. Patients and methods 1. Study design and sample 2. Study variables 2.1 Predictor variables 2.2 Outcome variable 3. Statistical analysis B. Results 1. Descriptive summary of study sample 2. Risk factors in the relapse/treatment failure group Part II. In vitro study A. Materials and methods 1. Human periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) and human bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) primary culture 2. Proliferation assay 3. Apoptosis assay 4. Osteogenic differentiation 5. RT-PCR 6. Statistical analysis B. Results 1. Morphology of PDLSCs and BMSCs treated with zoledronate 2. Proliferation of PDLSCs and BMSCs treated with zoledronate and/or rhBMP-2 3. Apoptosis of PDLSCs and BMSCs treated with zoledronate and/or rhBMP-2 4. Effects of zoledronate and/or rhBMP-2 on osteogenic differentiation in PDLSCs and BMSCs 5. Changes in gene expression by zoledronate and/or BMP-2 treatment Discussion Conclusions References Tables Figures and Figure Legends Abstract in KoreanDocto

    '๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…'์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ฒฝ์˜, 2019. 2. ์ •์˜๋ชฉ.The goal of this thesis is to examine the process and achievements of the Da Vinci Idea Project(2010-2017) and to analyze how the partnership between artists using technology as art and company has been made, finally to present the development direction of the Da Vinci Idea Project and to understand the meaning of the extended activity of technology-based artists. Here, linking with companies includes creating profit in various ways in commercial areas such as promotion and commercialization as well as participation in promotion and rental of works. This research covers the 'Da Vinci idea project' of the Seoul Art Space Geumcheon in Seoul Foundation for Arts and Culture, which has been held for eight years from 2010 to 2017, and the examples of linkage between artists and companies. The Da Vinci Idea Project, started in 2010, is a project that supports the entire process of production cost, expert support, presentation, and post-production by selecting ideas for technology art through competition. The Da Vinci Idea Project has a unique status in the domestic media art field, which has been around since 2000, including exhibitions, labs, studios, public works, production centers and art museums. First, it maintained the identity as a technology art support project for 8 years in a field where various interpretations of Media Art and mixed genres are possible. Second, establishing all phases of creation and distribution of post support (e.g., exhibition, business linkage, and etc.). Third, by maintaining the business for 9 years until 2018, it has become a debut platform for technology-based emerging artists. Unlike art museums and Biennale, which are invitation based, the support system that encompasses all stages of creation from the public offering to post-support could be possible because there was a unique business entity called "Residency Studio" operated by the regional cultural foundation. Under the stable budget structure of the regional cultural foundation, which is able to carry on business continuously, 10 million KRW has been applied for the expense of creative support, one-year or short-term use opportunities for artists' studios owned by residency studios, large workspaces, excellence was the prerequisite for the continuation and expansion of this business. The Da Vinci Idea Project was created in 2010 and organized as an exhibition, and after 2013 for 4 years it has been expanded to include post-production and production technology workshops, internationalization of projects such as inviting foreign artists, a Biennale in 2017, and an idea marketing campaign to strengthen cooperation with companies. The interview with artist shows that the most important thing that they have in mind is that consistently supporting the regular subscriptions and exhibitions with certain subsidies for 8 years played most important role in terms of their career. The link between artists and companies began with a simple attempt to invite local businessmen in 2010, and through 2011 mass production of art works, students experience learning about areas that are not covered by cultural and art public institutions such as mass production and distribution. On the other hand, since the business has settled and became famous, the promotion of the use of creative works and the production of public art works have been started from the company of creative products starting from 2012, and it was through direct contact between the company and the artist. On the other hand, Da Vinci Idea Project operated by the Seoul Art Space Geumcheon, technical cooperation, award, and production costs are sponsored by Nuribom, Vinchis, and Olympus. However, many of the artists who have discovered this project have experienced various commercial activities such as public art, corporate commissioning, etc, due to the nature of technology art, and they were dissatisfied with the business linkage activities mediated by the Da Vinci Idea Project compared to the previous large projects. First, there is no benefit in addition to the opportunity to promote the work in the case of a call for a promotion from a company. Second, the role played by a company representative in charge of direct business with an artist other than a professional agency is inexperienced. Third, it was due to the inability of artists to earn profits by following the Seoul Foundation for Arts and Culture's Support for artists Guidelines. Rather than matching artists and companies, pure work opportunities through production subsidies or the prototype development of pre-commercialization prototypes has become a fundamental foundation for linking with artist and companies. Years of business recognition and artists' evaluations have made a great contribution to external calls. On the other hand, the artists of the six teams who have experienced the connection with The Da Vinci Idea Project have both the identity as an artist and businessman as a whole, and have carried out various commercial works with corporate request. It was not only a means of survival as an artist, but also a self-fulfillment as a pragmatic existence that embodies a commission of a company aiming at consumers. They were working on an ongoing team or working in a short-term as they expanded their workforce, revealing differences in competence in mass production and distribution. Technology-based artists have shared common difficulties in high-cost use of software and hardware for creative work versus traditional art, and the employment of accompanying technical experts. In addition to government subsidies, they also had a variety of sources of income, including R&D, corporate services, and large public works. In particular, pure works and profit activities were in a cyclical relationship rather than a disturbance or separation.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…(2010-2017)์˜ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜€๋˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜(technology-based)์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€์•„ํŠธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ž€ ๊ธฐ์—…ํˆฌ์ž ์œ ์น˜๋‚˜ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™” ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋Œ€์—ฌ ๋“ฑ ์ƒ์—…์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 8๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‹คํ–‰๋œ ์„œ์šธ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋‹จ ๊ธˆ์ฒœ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€์•„ํŠธ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋น„์™€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์›, ๋ฐœํ‘œํšŒ, ํ›„์ง€์›(post-production)์˜ ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€์•„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์•„ํŠธ ์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์€ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์‹œ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์›Œํฌ์ˆ๊ณผ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ์ • ์ง€์›(์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ์ž‘์—…๊ณต๊ฐ„) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์›๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ดํŠนํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹จ์œ„(๋Œ€์ „, ๊ด‘์ฃผ) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋‹จ, ์ค‘์†Œ๋„์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์•„ํŠธ์„ผํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํŽธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œ, ๋žฉ, ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค, ๊ณต๋ชจ, ์ œ์ž‘์„ผํ„ฐ, ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋“ฑ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์•„ํŠธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ 2000๋…„ ์ „ํ›„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„์™€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€์•„ํŠธ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ 8๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ณต๋ชจ์„ ๋ฐœ-์ฐฝ์ž‘์ง€์›(์ œ์ž‘๋น„, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ์ž‘์—…๊ณต๊ฐ„)-์ „์‹œ-ํ›„์ง€์›์˜ ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์…‹์งธ, 2019๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐ๋ท” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์—”๋‚ ๋ ˆ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๋ชจ์—์„œ ํ›„์ง€์›๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์˜ ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด‘์—ญ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋‹จ์ด ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜์‹œ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์—ญ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์  ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์•„๋ž˜ 1์ฒœ๋งŒ ์› ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์ง€์›๋น„, ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜์‹œ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐํšŒ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ž‘์—…๊ณต๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•ด์™ธ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์›”์„ฑ์ด ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์—ฐ์† ๋ฐ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…์€ 2010๋…„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์ง€์›-์ „์‹œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด 2013๊ณผ 4๋…„์— ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜, ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์›Œํฌ์ˆ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์™ธ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ดˆ์ฒญ ๋“ฑ ๊ตญ์ œํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ๊ธฐ์šฉ, ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๋งˆ์ผ“์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณ€๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€์•„ํŠธ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•œ ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์ฒœ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณต์žฅ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ์ž‘๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ „์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” in house making' ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ in house making์€ ์ดํ›„ ACC์ฐฝ์ œ์ž‘์„ผํ„ฐ(2013), ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„๋žฉ(2014), ํ˜„๋Œ€์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์ œ๋กœ์› ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค(2017)์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์šด์˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ 8๋…„์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๊ตฌํ˜„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐํ˜• ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ํŒ€์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋Š” 2010๋…„ ์ธ๊ทผ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์ดˆ์ฒญ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ 2012๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์—… ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜‘์—…, ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ๋Š”. ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋ด„, ๋นˆ์น˜์Šค, ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ‘ธ์Šค ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—… ์—ฐ๊ณ„์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์ด ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ „๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ์—…๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ˜‘์—…์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—…๋ฌด ๋ฏธ์ˆ™, ์…‹์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ›„์›๊ธˆ์ด ์„œ์šธ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋‹จ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฑ…์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋งค์นญ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘์ง€์›๋น„ ์ง€์›, ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๊ณต๋ชจ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ 6ํŒ€์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์—…์  ์ž‘์—… ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ƒ์กด์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์šฉ์  ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ž์กด๊ฐ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ ์™ธ์—๋„ R&D, ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์šฉ์—ญ, ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ณต๊ณต์ž‘์—… ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ต์›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ตํ™œ๋™์€ ์ˆœํ™˜์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ฐ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ด ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 3. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 1. ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์œ ํ˜• 16 3. ํ•ด์™ธ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€ ์•„ํŠธ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 20 4. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€ ์•„ํŠธ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 24 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—… 36 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์šด์˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 36 1. ๊ธˆ์ฒœ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณต์žฅ 36 2. ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์‚ฌ์—… 39 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 43 1. ์ •์ฐฉ๊ธฐ(2010-2011๋…„) 43 2. ๋„์•ฝ๊ธฐ(2012-2013๋…„) 50 3. ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ๊ธฐ(2014-2015๋…„) 58 4. ๋น„์—”๋‚ ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ(2016-2017๋…„) 67 5. ์‚ฌ์—… ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 72 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 76 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์œ ํ˜• 80 1. ๊ธฐ์—…ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฏธ์ˆ  : ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ(2012) 80 2. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ‘ธ์Šค์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๋น„ ์ง€์› : ์–‘๋ฏผํ•˜(2016-7) 83 3. ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ : ๋นˆ์น˜์Šค์™€ ์–‘์ˆ™ํ˜„(2014-5), ๋ฐ•์žฌ์™„+์ด์žฌ์„ฑ(2015) 87 5. ๊ธฐ์—… ์˜๋ขฐ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ : ํŒ€๋ณด์ด๋“œ(2014-6) 93 6. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ œ์ž‘ : ํ•œ์œค์ •+ํ•œ๋ณ‘์ค€(2013-6) 96 7. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ณต๋™๊ฐœ๋ฐœ : ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์•ฑ(2013-6) 98 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€์•„ํŠธ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 104 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  110 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 113 ๋„ํŒ 128 ๋ถ€๋ก 137 Abstract 143Docto

    Acupuncture Inhibits Morphine Induced-Immune Suppress via Antioxidant System

    Get PDF
    Objectives: A powerful analgesic called Morphine causes addiction behaviors and immune suppression as a potential oxidative stressor. Acupuncture showed to inhibit oxidative stress-induced hepatic damage, regulate reactive oxygen species, and attenuate morphine addiction behaviors. Therefore, we investigated the potential effects of acupuncture on morphine-induced immune suppression. Materials and methods: Rats received morphine intravenously through implanted catheters for 3, 7, or 21 days to determine the optimal condition for morphine-induced immune suppression. Second, we examined whether intravenous (iv.) or intraperitoneal (ip.) administration produced different results. Third, the effects of acupuncture in rats who received morphine for 21 days were investigated. Spleen and submandibular lymph node (S-LN) weights and natural killer (NK) cell activity were measured, and the white pulp diameter, total and cortical spleen thicknesses, and the number of lymphoid follicles in S-LNs were examined. The number of immunoreactive cells was also measured. Results: Decreased organ weights and increased atrophic changes were observed as morphine-induced immune suppression. However, dose-dependent increased immune suppression was not observed between 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg of morphine. And, 3-day withdrawal did not affect. Similar histopathological findings were observed in 5.0 and 10.0 ip. rats when compared to equal dosages of iv., respectively. The morphine induced-immune suppression evidenced by spleen and left S-LN weights, splenic NK cell activities, histopathological findings, and the immunoreactive cell number were normalized by acupuncture. Conclusion: These results indicate that acupuncture inhibits morphine-induced immune suppression, maybe via antioxidative action.ope

    Mechanical Stimulation Alters Chronic Ethanol-Induced Changes to VTA GABA Neurons, NAc DA Release and Measures of Withdrawal

    Get PDF
    Therapeutic activation of mechanoreceptors (MStim) in osteopathy, chiropractic and acupuncture has been in use for hundreds of years with a myriad of positive outcomes. It has been previously shown to modulate the firing rate of neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), an area of interest in alcohol-use disorder (AUD). In this study, we examined the effects of MStim on VTA GABA neuron firing rate, DA release in the NAc, and behavior during withdrawal from chronic EtOH exposure in a rat model. We demonstrate that concurrent administration of MStim and EtOH significantly reduced adaptations in VTA GABA neurons and DA release in response to a reinstatement dose of EtOH (2.5 g/kg). Behavioral indices of EtOH withdrawal (rearing, open-field crosses, tail stiffness, gait, and anxiety) were substantively ameliorated with concurrent application of MStim. Additionally, MStim significantly increased the overall frequency of ultrasonic vocalizations, suggesting an increased positive affective state.ope

    ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ํ•˜์ง€์ˆ˜.ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ด์šฉ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์ƒ์— ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ง€์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด์šฉ ๋ชฉ์  ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์•„ ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ด์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ์ž์•„๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ๋น„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ทจํ–ฅ์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์œ„์น˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜์–ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ์‹๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋ˆ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ทจํ–ฅ์ด ์ž์•„์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งŒ๋‚จ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์ธ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด์šฉ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์ธ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ก€์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์†ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ํ•ด์„์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ์˜๋ก€์  ํ‘œํ˜„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™ ์–‘์‹๋“ค์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์…‹์งธ, ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ํ–‰๋™๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ๋…ธ๊ทธ๋ผํ”ผ์™€ 1:1 ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ •์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ๋ฆ„ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๋„ค์ผ ํ˜•์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์—ด๋žŒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ทจํ•ฉ๋œ ์„ ํƒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒํ™”ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž๋ฃŒํ™”ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‘๋‹ต ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” 20โˆผ30๋Œ€๋กœ ํŒจ์…˜๊ด€์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ์ด์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 3๋…„ ์ด์ƒ, ํ‰๊ท  ์ฃผ 1, 2ํšŒ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ์—…์  ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ž 21๋ช…์ด ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ํ™œ์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ™•์ธ, ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต์œ , ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋งบ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐ ํ™•์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ผ๊ธฐ, ์•จ๋ฒ”, ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์œ  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์›์ด์ž ์œ ํฌ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ์—ด๋žŒ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋งบ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ”๋กœ์ž‰์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ์˜๋ก€์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์†์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ ํŒจ์…˜ ์ œํ’ˆ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์•„ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜, ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฐ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์—๋Š” ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋„๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์˜๋ก€์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ œํ•œ, ์ƒํ™ฉ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ์นผ๋ผ ๋‰˜์•™์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ•์กฐ, ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋ฐ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์œ ์ง€, ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ฒด ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์˜์กด ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์—ด๋žŒ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์นผ๋ผ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋„์™€ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–ผ๊ตด์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋’ท๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ณผ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ , ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹จํŽธ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผ์‹œ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ •ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ž๋ž‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ์  ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํŒ๋‹จ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ํƒœ๋„๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ข‡๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ํ–‰์„ ๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์—†๋Š” ์ทจํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ๋„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋Š” ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ ์•ˆ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์‹ ์ฒด ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ณด์ • ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ผ๊ตด์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ–‰๋™๋„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์‹œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ์‹œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์˜์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํƒ€์ž ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ง€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ์˜ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๋„คํŠธ๋…ธ๊ทธ๋ผํ”ผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ•ด์„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ธต์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ธ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ํƒœ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์•„ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ทจํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ทจํ–ฅ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ทจํ–ฅ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์˜๋ก€์  ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋‚ด์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์„ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋‚ด์— ์ œํ•œ๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค.The active use of social media in modern society is prompting individuals to actively express and share their selves online with various tastes as mediums. Social media has seen a higher rate of use for hobbies or sharing interests than for maintaining relationships with acquaintances, and people have become active media users who use social media as a tool for self-exhibiting. In social media, self is portrayed indirectly through tastes in consumption or experience rather than through direct expression. From an academic point of view, tastes have long been interpreted as a means of displaying socioeconomic positions, but as the hierarchical boundaries of groups become unclear and symbolic meanings proliferate, individuals are forming fashion tastes around objects that give their own values. As characteristic tastes have become representative of self-identity, people are trying to effectively show discriminatory fashion tastes in social media, a place of social encounters. In order to identify fashion tastes by reflecting modern media characteristics and understand fashion culture formed in the media environment, this study examined the expression activities of fashion taste and their inherent meanings, focusing on Instagram, the most active social media currently in use. The analysis of fashion tasting expressions on Instagram will be a cultural interpretation of current society, as the ritual actions found in the media become a way to understand and practice the society and culture in which individuals belong. The research question of this study is firstly to identify the utilization characteristics of Instagram related to fashion taste, and secondly, to analyze the ritual expression characteristics of fashion taste on Instagram to reveal the behavior patterns commonly found. And third, to grasp the inherent meaning in the expression of fashion taste shown on Instagram, this study take a look at the general perception and attitude of behavior pattern and examine the sociocultural implications comprehensively. As a method of research, netnography, an online cultural anaylisis method, and 1:1 in-depth interview were performed together. In order to analyze the archive contents of Instagram posts, all the posts in each account were reproduced as thumbnail-type small images in order of time flow and viewed over and over again, and after that, the data was collected selectively around emerging topics. The selected images were made in the data form, and used for analysis with compiling text information contained in each image. The in-depth interview was conducted flexibly, based on semi-structured questionnaires consisting of the purpose and content of each step of behavior, focusing on the participants' posting and searching activities, and the method to describe the picture of the selected images was also accompanied. The participants in the study were those in their 20s and 30s with high level of fashion involvement, and 21 participants were selected for noncommercial purpose users, who post one or two times a week on average for Instagram. The results of this study are as follows. First, Instagram utilization characteristics related to fashion taste have been identified by self expression and self confirmation, information collecting and information sharing, relationship building and relationship forming. In self expression and confirmation, Instagram was used for three purposes: diary, album and portfolio, and individuals were given the opportunity to identify and reflect their fashion tastes on their own. In terms of collecting and sharing information, Instagram has been used as a major information collector and a enjoyable information reading place, helping individuals to develop fashion tastes using various information and interact with others through sharing. And in terms of relationship building and forming, people allowed the following limitedly or formed a selective relationship with people of similar tastes, and were generally passive about expanding the network. Second, this study analyzed the expression factors and methods of fashion taste in order to identify the ritual expression characteristics of fashion taste on Instagram. The material expression factors appearing repeatedly in the image were given symbolic value based on past experience of acquiring or using it rather than on the meaning of each fashion product itself, and became a medium of self-expression to explain their identity. The social factors, such as parents and friends, were also subject to self-explanation, focusing on their relationships, and in the case of a lover, they intended to show off their relationship through fashion taste expressions. Third, the ritual expression methods associated with fashion taste in Instagram have been identified by limiting text information, using contextual context, using technical effects devices, highlighting color nuances, maintaining the same structure and format, and indirect body expression. The reason for the insufficient text description on Instagram was that the detailed explanation, along with the image-dependent tendency, was regarded as an behavior to induce followers' reaction, so they intended to avoid the misunderstanding about it. Fashion tastes were imaged, reflecting the context of space or situation at the time of being photographed, and the effect of various technical devices and color expression were considered important. In addition, expression method maintaining the same arrangement and format were able to communicate effectively and also gave the possibility to be perceived as sensuous and consistent fashion taste. However, they were quite sensitive to physical exposure, using methods to avoid direct exposure to the face and capture the back or zoom in the part of the body. Fourth, a double-sidedness attitude toward conspicuousness was found in the inherent meaning in Instagram's expression of fashion taste, with participants taking show off behaviors at a certain level, moving between showing and concealing in economic, sensory and physical aspects. People already knew the boundaries of what was being regarded the conspicuousness behaviors as and what extent allowed within the social media, and were behaving a proper level of the conspicuousness. Especially, since the expression of fashion taste is apt to be criticized as an economic conspicuousness behavior, participants were thinking about how to indirectly reveal a fashion brand or product. As characteristic fashion tastes were highly valued, aesthetic sense and judgment abilities were highlighted in importance, and differentiated image expression through colors and so on was intended to show one's own ability. But they also had conflicting attitudes about pursuing individuality while not breaking away from the trend, which they criticized as an other's preference that blindly follows the trend, but also wanted to show that their fashion taste remained within the trend to some extent. In addition, although they were very resistant to physical exposure or conspicuousness in expressing their fashion taste, they were indirectly revealing and emphasizing parts of the body or beautifying the face or body through natural degree of correction. In modern society, fashion tastes are closely related to the media and are affected. People are using Instagram to collect various information, actively express themselves, form fashion tastes, and share it with people and enjoy it together. However, as social media was seen as a conspicuousness space as the period of use goes by, people on Instagram expressing their fashion tastes by maintaining a proper level of double-sidedness attitude, and showing off, distinguishing the subtle differences that are acceptable to others. They was still conscious of other people's eyes and wanted to get their attention in expressing themselves through various tastes, and were trying not to expose their dependent attitude on others. As a social being, an individual find meaning in recognition of others, and have the desire to identify themselves through others, but at the same time they were also willing to be free from it. The significance of this study is as follows. First, this study overcame the limitations of researcher-centered interpretation and enabled in-depth understanding of research subjects by paralleling in-depth interviews with netnography, a method of cultural analysis, for social and cultural understanding of fashion taste expression activities on Instagram. In particular, Instagram's image-oriented communication includes complex, multilayered meanings that are not exposed externally, making it difficult to understand specific perceptions or attitudes of participants, enabling more accurate analysis with a mixture of two qualitative research methods. Second, it is believed that this study, through the analysis of expressive behavior on fashion tastes on Instagram, would have helped to increase the possibility of a specific interpretation of tastes as a means of individual self-expression, and to infer the influence of the media on the formation and change of tastes. In a diversified modern society, individual tastes are in the process of continuing to form, and especially since interaction with the media cannot be overlooked, therefore, the results of this study are expected to have contributed to broadening academic perspectives on fashion tastes. Third, this study is meaningful in that it has a deeper understanding of the modern media environment and culture by analyzing people's social interactions and ritual expressive behavior on Instagram and identifying the perceptions and attitudes of those formed within the media. Instead of considering the fashion tastes expression activities that occur on Instagram as a limited phenomenon within the media, this study tried to approach the cultural phenomena that form with media use and understand them on a social level. In addition, further studies that analyze intensively with subdivided study participants for a more accurate understanding that reflects media specificity are also proposed.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์˜๋ก€ 8 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์˜๋ก€ 8 2. ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ์˜๋ก€์  ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ 12 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ฌธํ™” 15 1. ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ 15 2. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฒˆ์—ญ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„ 23 1. ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ์ž์•„ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 23 2. ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” 26 3. ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 30 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 37 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ 39 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 39 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 46 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ํ™œ์šฉ 49 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ํ™œ์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ 49 1. ์ž๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ™•์ธ 49 2. ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต์œ  59 3. ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋งบ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ 69 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์˜๋ก€์  ํ‘œํ˜„ ํŠน์„ฑ 78 1. ํ‘œํ˜„ ์š”์†Œ 78 2. ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 91 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํŒจ์…˜์ทจํ–ฅ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ด์ค‘์„ฑ 110 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ณผ์‹œ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์„ฑ 110 1. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ณผ์‹œ์˜ ์ œํ•œ 110 2. ๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ๊ณผ์‹œ 113 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ๊ณผ์‹œ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์„ฑ 117 1. ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์™€ ๋™๊ฒฝ 117 2. ๋ฏธ์  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ณผ์‹œ 121 3. ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์•”์‹œ 123 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ณผ์‹œ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์„ฑ 124 1. ์‹ ์ฒด ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์€ํ 124 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  130 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 135 Abstract 154Docto

    Inside-out anal sacculectomy in small dog breeds and cats

    Get PDF
    This report describes a new, simple and rapid surgical technique for the removal of anal sac in small dogs and cats. The anal sacs were simply everted using mosquito hemostatic forceps and excised with the aid of an electrocautery surgical unit. On the evaluation of postoperative complications, only one dog of 28 animals experienced short-term minor complications of mild fecal incontinence and scooting. Thus, we suggest that this new surgical technique is easy, inexpensive and time-saving and some of the complications with previously reported methods used for small dog breeds and cats may be avoided by using this technique. Copyright ยฉ 2023 Lee, Jeong, Bae, Park, Moon and Kim.ope

    Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions between lobeglitazone, empagliflozin, and metformin in healthy subjects

    Get PDF
    Concomitant administration of lobeglitazone, empagliflozin, and metformin is expected to enhance blood glucose-lowering effects and improve medication compliance in patients with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions and safety of lobeglitazone and co-administered empagliflozin and metformin, which are approved agents used in clinical settings. Two randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, 2-treatment, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover clinical trials (parts 1 and 2) were conducted independently. In part 1, lobeglitazone monotherapy or lobeglitazone, empagliflozin, and metformin triple therapy was administered for 5 days. In part 2, empagliflozin and metformin dual therapy or the abovementioned triple therapy were administered for 5 days. Serial blood samples were collected up to 24 hours after the last dose in each period for PK evaluation. The primary PK parameters (AUCtau,ss, Cmax,ss) of treatment regimens in each study part were calculated and compared. For lobeglitazone, the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) with 90% confidence intervals (CI) for triple therapy over monotherapy were 1.08 (1.03โ€“1.14) for Cmax,ss and 0.98 (0.90โ€“1.07) for AUCtau,ss. For empagliflozin, the GMRs and 90% CIs for triple therapy over dual therapy were 0.87 (0.78โ€“0.97) for Cmax,ss and 0.97 (0.93โ€“1.00) for AUCtau,ss. For metformin, the GMRs and 90% CIs for triple therapy over dual therapy were 1.06 (0.95โ€“ 1.17) for Cmax,ss and 1.04 (0.97โ€“1.12) for AUCtau,ss. All reported adverse events were mild. The triple therapy consisting of lobeglitazone, empagliflozin, and metformin did not show any clinically relevant drug interactions in relation to the PKs and safety of each drug substance. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04334213. ยฉ 2023 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology.ope

    Cardioembolic stroke: dual-energy cardiac CT for differentiation of left atrial appendage thrombus and circulatory stasis

    Get PDF
    PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic performance of dual-energy cardiac computed tomography (CT) in the detection of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi and differentiation between thrombus and circulatory stasis in patients with stroke, by using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board approved this study, and patients provided informed consent. Thirty-two patients with stroke who had atrial fibrillation (AF) and either thrombus or the spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) echo pattern at TEE were prospectively enrolled. For the control group, 31 patients who were planning to undergo AF ablation and who had no abnormalities at TEE were enrolled. All patients underwent dual-energy cardiac CT that was not electrocardiographically gated. For quantitative analysis, iodine concentration was measured on CT images. The statistical significance of differences in mean iodine concentration between thrombus and SEC as measured at CT was assessed by using the Student t test. RESULTS: Among the 63 patients, a total of 13 thrombi and 19 instances of SEC were detected at TEE. Using TEE as the reference standard, the overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of dual-energy cardiac CT in the detection of thrombi and SEC in the LAA were 97% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82%, 100%), 100% (95% CI: 86%, 100%), 100%, and 97%, respectively. At CT, the mean iodine concentration was 1.23 mg/mL ยฑ 0.34 (standard deviation) for thrombus and 3.61 mg/mL ยฑ 1.01 for SEC (P = .001). CONCLUSION: Dual-energy cardiac CT is a highly sensitive modality for detecting LAA thrombus and for differentiating thrombus from SEC in patients with stroke.ope

    NSCLC Subtype Prediction Using Cytologic Fluid Specimens From Needle Aspiration Biopsies

    Get PDF
    This study evaluated the diagnostic usefulness of tumor marker concentrations in cytologic fluids (CF) for subtyping non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and assessed the relationship between fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) uptake with serum and CF tumor marker levels. This prospective study included 88 patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) concentrations in the CF samples were correlated with serum tumor marker concentrations, (18)F-FDG uptake, and NSCLC subtype. Fifty-eight patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma. Multivariate analysis revealed higher CF and serum SCCA levels; smoking status predicted SCC from adenocarcinoma. CF SCCA showed the highest accuracy (83%) in distinguishing between SCC and adenocarcinoma. CF samples obtained during routine needle aspiration biopsy procedure contain tumor marker levels sufficient to distinguish between SCC and adenocarcinoma; CF SCCA had the highest diagnostic accuracy.ope
    • โ€ฆ
    corecore