82 research outputs found
๋น์คํฌ์คํฌ๋ค์ดํธ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๊ณจ๊ดด์ฌ- ์ธํฌ ํน์ด์ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ์์์ ์น๋ฃ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ์น์ํ๋ํ์ ์น์๊ณผํ๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์๋ณ๋ฌด.Background and Purpose
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a challenging complication, the pathophysiology of which is not completely understood. The aims of this study were two folds: (1) to identify the risk factors associated with relapse or treatment failure after surgery for BRONJ in osteoporosis patients and (2) experimentally to investigate the effect of zoledronate on dental stem cells.
Part I. Clinical study
[Patients and methods] This was a retrospective cohort study of BRONJ in patients with osteoporosis who had undergone surgical procedures between 2004 and 2016 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital. The heterogeneous predictor variables were demographic (age and sex), anatomic (maxilla, mandible, maxilla plus mandible, affected location), clinical (disease stage, etiology, comorbidities, and history of intravenous bisphosphonate intake), time-related (conservative treatment before surgery, bisphosphonate treatment before BRONJ development, discontinuation of the drug before surgery, interval to final follow-up, and interval to reoperation in the case of relapse or treatment failure), and perioperative variables (type of anesthesia and type of surgical procedure). The primary outcome variable was relapse after surgery that required reoperation (yes vs. no). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed to assess the relationships among the study variables and the outcome. To determine risk factors, a survival analysis was conducted using the Cox model.
[Results] The final sample consisted of 325 subjects with a median age of 75 years. Ninety-seven percent of the subjects were female. After surgery, 30% of the patients did not completely recuperate and received repeat surgeries. The time from the first surgery to reoperation ranged from 10 days to 5.6 years. Relapse or treatment failure occurred most often immediately after surgery. The type of surgical procedure and type of anesthesia were the most important factors for the treatment outcome. Drug holiday did not appear to influence the occurrence of relapse after surgery.
Part II. In vitro study
[Materials and methods] Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) treated with various concentrations of zoledronate were investigated with regard to proliferation and differentiation capacity. The osteogenic differentiation of dental stem cells treated with zoledronate was evaluated by alizarin red S staining and alkaline phosphatase activity staining. RT-PCR was performed to compare MSX1, osteocalcin, collagen type I, and EF1a mRNA levels. Apoptosis was detected using FITC-Annexin V and PI staining assay. The dental stem cells were treated with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 to evaluate the possibility of overcoming the effects of zoledronate.
[Results] High concentrations of zoledronate suppressed PDLSC and BMSC viability. The apoptosis of PDLSCs and BMSCs was triggered by both zoledronate and BMP-2. Higher concentrations of zoledronate triggered apoptotic activity in BMSCs, but additional BMP-2 treatment did not affect the apoptotic activity triggered by zoledronate. Moreover, zoledronate treatment significantly suppressed the formation of calcium deposits on PDLSCs and BMSCs regardless of BMP-2 treatment. BMP-2 treatment did not overcome the inhibitory effects of zoledronate on the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and BMSCs. The MSX1 gene, highly expressed during craniofacial development, was significantly suppressed by 10 ฮผM of zoledronate during the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and BMSCs.
Conclusions
Surgical treatment of BRONJ in osteoporosis patients may benefit from more careful and extensive surgical procedures rather than curettage under local anesthesia. Zoledronate at high doses inhibited the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and MSX1 expression of dental stem cells. These findings indicate that zoledronate has negative effects on the regenerative capacity of dental stem cells, which may also explain the disease progression of BRONJ.Introduction
Part I. Clinical study
A. Patients and methods
1. Study design and sample
2. Study variables
2.1 Predictor variables
2.2 Outcome variable
3. Statistical analysis
B. Results
1. Descriptive summary of study sample
2. Risk factors in the relapse/treatment failure group
Part II. In vitro study
A. Materials and methods
1. Human periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) and human bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) primary culture
2. Proliferation assay
3. Apoptosis assay
4. Osteogenic differentiation
5. RT-PCR
6. Statistical analysis
B. Results
1. Morphology of PDLSCs and BMSCs treated with zoledronate
2. Proliferation of PDLSCs and BMSCs treated with zoledronate and/or rhBMP-2
3. Apoptosis of PDLSCs and BMSCs treated with zoledronate and/or rhBMP-2
4. Effects of zoledronate and/or rhBMP-2 on osteogenic differentiation in PDLSCs and BMSCs
5. Changes in gene expression by zoledronate and/or BMP-2 treatment
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Tables
Figures and Figure Legends
Abstract in KoreanDocto
'๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์ '์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ ํ๋๊ณผ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฒฝ์, 2019. 2. ์ ์๋ชฉ.The goal of this thesis is to examine the process and achievements of the Da Vinci Idea Project(2010-2017) and to analyze how the partnership between artists using technology as art and company has been made, finally to present the development direction of the Da Vinci Idea Project and to understand the meaning of the extended activity of technology-based artists. Here, linking with companies includes creating profit in various ways in commercial areas such as promotion and commercialization as well as participation in promotion and rental of works.
This research covers the 'Da Vinci idea project' of the Seoul Art Space Geumcheon in Seoul Foundation for Arts and Culture, which has been held for eight years from 2010 to 2017, and the examples of linkage between artists and companies.
The Da Vinci Idea Project, started in 2010, is a project that supports the entire process of production cost, expert support, presentation, and post-production by selecting ideas for technology art through competition.
The Da Vinci Idea Project has a unique status in the domestic media art field, which has been around since 2000, including exhibitions, labs, studios, public works, production centers and art museums. First, it maintained the identity as a technology art support project for 8 years in a field where various interpretations of Media Art and mixed genres are possible.
Second, establishing all phases of creation and distribution of post support (e.g., exhibition, business linkage, and etc.). Third, by maintaining the business for 9 years until 2018, it has become a debut platform for technology-based emerging artists.
Unlike art museums and Biennale, which are invitation based, the support system that encompasses all stages of creation from the public offering to post-support could be possible because there was a unique business entity called "Residency Studio" operated by the regional cultural foundation. Under the stable budget structure of the regional cultural foundation, which is able to carry on business continuously, 10 million KRW has been applied for the expense of creative support, one-year or short-term use opportunities for artists' studios owned by residency studios, large workspaces, excellence was the prerequisite for the continuation and expansion of this business.
The Da Vinci Idea Project was created in 2010 and organized as an exhibition, and after 2013 for 4 years it has been expanded to include post-production and production technology workshops, internationalization of projects such as inviting foreign artists, a Biennale in 2017, and an idea marketing campaign to strengthen cooperation with companies.
The interview with artist shows that the most important thing that they have in mind is that consistently supporting the regular subscriptions and exhibitions with certain subsidies for 8 years played most important role in terms of their career.
The link between artists and companies began with a simple attempt to invite local businessmen in 2010, and through 2011 mass production of art works, students experience learning about areas that are not covered by cultural and art public institutions such as mass production and distribution. On the other hand, since the business has settled and became famous, the promotion of the use of creative works and the production of public art works have been started from the company of creative products starting from 2012, and it was through direct contact between the company and the artist. On the other hand, Da Vinci Idea Project operated by the Seoul Art Space Geumcheon, technical cooperation, award, and production costs are sponsored by Nuribom, Vinchis, and Olympus. However, many of the artists who have discovered this project have experienced various commercial activities such as public art, corporate commissioning, etc, due to the nature of technology art, and they were dissatisfied with the business linkage activities mediated by the Da Vinci Idea Project compared to the previous large projects.
First, there is no benefit in addition to the opportunity to promote the work in the case of a call for a promotion from a company. Second, the role played by a company representative in charge of direct business with an artist other than a professional agency is inexperienced. Third, it was due to the inability of artists to earn profits by following the Seoul Foundation for Arts and Culture's Support for artists Guidelines. Rather than matching artists and companies, pure work opportunities through production subsidies or the prototype development of pre-commercialization prototypes has become a fundamental foundation for linking with artist and companies. Years of business recognition and artists' evaluations have made a great contribution to external calls.
On the other hand, the artists of the six teams who have experienced the connection with The Da Vinci Idea Project have both the identity as an artist and businessman as a whole, and have carried out various commercial works with corporate request. It was not only a means of survival as an artist, but also a self-fulfillment as a pragmatic existence that embodies a commission of a company aiming at consumers. They were working on an ongoing team or working in a short-term as they expanded their workforce, revealing differences in competence in mass production and distribution. Technology-based artists have shared common difficulties in high-cost use of software and hardware for creative work versus traditional art, and the employment of accompanying technical experts. In addition to government subsidies, they also had a variety of sources of income, including R&D, corporate services, and large public works. In particular, pure works and profit activities were in a cyclical relationship rather than a disturbance or separation.์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
(2010-2017)์ ๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ด ์ฌ์
์ ๋ชฉํ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ(technology-based)์ ํ
ํฌ๋๋ก์ง์ํธ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฐ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋์ง ๋ถ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ํ์ฅ๋ ํ๋์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ ๊ธฐ์
ํฌ์ ์ ์น๋ ์ํํ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์ํ ๋์ฌ ๋ฑ ์์
์์ญ์์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ต์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2010๋
๋ถํฐ 2017๋
๊น์ง 8๋
๊ฐ ์คํ๋ ์์ธ๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋จ ๊ธ์ฒ์์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ณ์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. 2010๋
์์๋ ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
์ ํ
ํฌ๋๋ก์ง์ํธ์ ์์ด๋์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ๋ฐํ์ฌ ์ ์๋น์ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์ง์, ๋ฐํํ, ํ์ง์(post-production)์ ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ์ฌ์
์ด๋ค.
ํ
ํฌ๋๋ก์ง์ํธ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ํธ ์ง์ ์ฌ์
์ 2000๋
๋ ์ด๋ฐ ์์ ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ์ง์๊ธ์ ์ง๊ธํ๊ณ ์ ์๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์ ์ ์ฐจ ์ํฌ์๊ณผ ์ ์๊ณผ์ ์ง์(์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ, ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ) ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋ถํํ๊ณ , ์ง์๊ธฐ๊ด ์ญ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ดํนํ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ ์ง์ญ ๋จ์(๋์ , ๊ด์ฃผ) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋จ, ์ค์๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ํธ์ผํฐ๊น์ง ์ฌ์
์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ค์ํด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง์ญ์์ ํ์ฑํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณดํธํํ๋ ์ถ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ ์, ๋ฉ, ์คํ๋์ค, ๊ณต๋ชจ, ์ ์์ผํฐ, ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด ์ค๋ฆฝ ๋ฑ ๊ตญ๋ด ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ํธ ๋ถ์ผ์ 2000๋
์ ํ ๋ค์ํ ์๋์ ์ธํ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์๋ ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
์ ๋
ํนํ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ
ํฌ๋๋ก์ง์ํธ ์ง์์ฌ์
์ผ๋ก์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ 8๋
๊ฐ ์ผ๊ด๋๊ฒ ์ ์งํ์๊ณ ๋์งธ, ๊ณต๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ-์ฐฝ์์ง์(์ ์๋น, ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ, ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ)-์ ์-ํ์ง์์ ์ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์
์งธ, 2019๋
ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์ฌ์
์ด ์ ์ง๋๋ฉด์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ท ํ๋ซํผ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ ์ก์๋ค.
์ ์ ์ค์ฌ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์ด๋ ๋น์๋ ๋ ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๋ชจ์์ ํ์ง์๊น์ง ์ฐฝ์์ ์ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ฐ๋ฅด๋ ์ง์์์คํ
์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ญ๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋จ์ด ์ด์ํ๋ ๋ ์ง๋์ ์คํ๋์ค๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์
์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ด์ญ๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋จ์ ์์ ์ ์์ฐ ์๋ 1์ฒ๋ง ์ ์ ํ์ ์ฐฝ์์ง์๋น, ๋ ์ง๋์ ์คํ๋์ค์ ์ฌ์ฉ๊ธฐํ์ ๋ํ ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด์ผ๋ก์ ํด์ธ๊ธฐ๊ด๊ณผ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ์์์ฑ์ด ์ด ์ฌ์
์ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
์ 2010๋
์ฐฝ์์ง์-์ ์์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์์๋์ด 2013๊ณผ 4๋
์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํฌ์คํธํ๋ก๋์
, ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ํฌ์ ๋ฑ ์ฌ์
์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ํด์ธ์๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฒญ ๋ฑ ๊ตญ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ ํ, ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ธฐ์ฉ, ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์์ด๋์ด ๋ง์ผ์ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค.
์ด ์ฌ์
์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ณ์์ ๋ณ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์๋๋ ํ
ํฌ๋๋ก์ง์ํธ ์์ญ์ ํ์ฑํํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ธ์ฒ์์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์์ด๋์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ์ฌ ์ง์ํ๊ณ , ์ ์๊ณต๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ ์๊ณต๊ฐ๊น์ง ์ง์ํ๋ in house making' ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฆฝํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ in house making์ ์ดํ ACC์ฐฝ์ ์์ผํฐ(2013), ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ฝ๋ฆฌ์๋ฉ(2014), ํ๋์๋์ฐจ์ ์ ๋ก์ ์คํ๋์ค(2017)์ ์ค๊ณ์ ์ด์์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ํ์ ํ์ฉ๊ธฐ์ ์ 8๋
์ ์ฌ์
๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ต์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ์ฉ๋๊ฐ ๋์์ง๋ ์ถ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ด ์ฌ์
์ด ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌํ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์์ ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ํ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ผ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์กฐํ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ง๋ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์ง๋ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ด ํ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
์ ํตํด ํ์ฐ๋๋ค.
์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ 2010๋
์ธ๊ทผ ์ง์ญ ๊ธฐ์
์ธ ์ด์ฒญ์์ ์์ํ์ฌ 2012๋
๋ถํฐ ๊ธฐ์
ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
์ฐธ์ฌ, ๊ธฐ์ ํ์
, ๊ณต๊ณต์์ ์ํ ์ ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ๊ธฐ์
์ผ๋ก๋. ๋๋ฆฌ๋ด, ๋น์น์ค, ์ฌ๋ฆผํธ์ค ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
์ ํตํ ๊ธฐ์
์ฐ๊ณ์ ๋ถ๋ง์กฑ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ค์์ ์ง์ ํ๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์
์ ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ด์ต์ด ํฌ์ง ์๊ณ ๋์งธ, ์ ๋ฌธ ๋ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์
๋ด๋น์๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์
์ ๋ด๋นํ๋๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์
๋ฌด ๋ฏธ์, ์
์งธ, ๊ธฐ์
์ ํ์๊ธ์ด ์์ธ๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋จ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ง๊ธ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ต์ ์ฑ
์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ด๋ค.
์คํ๋ ค ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋งค์นญ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ ์์ง์๋น ์ง์, ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ๊ณต๋ชจ ์ถ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
ํํธ ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
์ ํตํด ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํํ 6ํ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋์ฒด๋ก ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์
๊ฐ๋ก์์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค์ํ ์์
์ ์์
๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ก์ ์์กด์๋จ๋ง์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํํ๋ ์ค์ฉ์ ์กด์ฌ๋ก์ ์์กด๊ฐ์ ์ถฉ์กฑ์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ง์๊ธ ์ธ์๋ R&D, ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฉ์ญ, ๋ํ ๊ณต๊ณต์์
๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ์์ต์์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํนํ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ก์ ์์์์
๊ณผ ์์ตํ๋์ ์ํ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋์ฌ ์์๋ค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก โ
ฐ
๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ
ด
์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 1
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ 3
3. ์๋ฃ์์ง ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ 3
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 6
1. ์์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฐ๊ณ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 6
2. ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ๋น์๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ด ๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ณ ์ ํ 16
3. ํด์ธ ํ
ํฌ๋๋ก์ง ์ํธ ์ง์์ฌ์
์ ์ฌ๋ก 20
4. ๊ตญ๋ด ํ
ํฌ๋๋ก์ง ์ํธ ์ง์์ฌ์
์ ํ๋ฆ 24
์ 3 ์ฅ ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
36
์ 1 ์ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ์ด์ํํฉ 36
1. ๊ธ์ฒ์์ ๊ณต์ฅ 36
2. ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด ์ฌ์
39
์ 2 ์ ์ฌ์
์ ์ ๊ฐ 43
1. ์ ์ฐฉ๊ธฐ(2010-2011๋
) 43
2. ๋์ฝ๊ธฐ(2012-2013๋
) 50
3. ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ๊ธฐ(2014-2015๋
) 58
4. ๋น์๋ ๋ ๊ธฐ(2016-2017๋
) 67
5. ์ฌ์
ํ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ์ 72
์ 4 ์ฅ ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ณ 76
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ณ ์ ํ 80
1. ๊ธฐ์
ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฏธ์ : ํ์ด๋ธ(2012) 80
2. ์ฌ๋ฆผํธ์ค์ ์ ์๋น ์ง์ : ์๋ฏผํ(2016-7) 83
3. ๊ธฐ์
์ง์๊ธ์ ์์๊ณผ ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
์ฐธ์ฌ
: ๋น์น์ค์ ์์ํ(2014-5), ๋ฐ์ฌ์+์ด์ฌ์ฑ(2015) 87
5. ๊ธฐ์
์๋ขฐ์ ์ ์ : ํ๋ณด์ด๋(2014-6) 93
6. ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต๋์ ์ : ํ์ค์ +ํ๋ณ์ค(2013-6) 96
7. ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๊ณต๋๊ฐ๋ฐ : ๋ค๋น์น ์์ด๋์ด์ฑ(2013-6) 98
์ 2 ์ ํ
ํฌ๋๋ก์ง์ํธ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ถ์ 104
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 110
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 113
๋ํ 128
๋ถ๋ก 137
Abstract 143Docto
Acupuncture Inhibits Morphine Induced-Immune Suppress via Antioxidant System
Objectives: A powerful analgesic called Morphine causes addiction behaviors and immune suppression as a potential oxidative stressor. Acupuncture showed to inhibit oxidative stress-induced hepatic damage, regulate reactive oxygen species, and attenuate morphine addiction behaviors. Therefore, we investigated the potential effects of acupuncture on morphine-induced immune suppression.
Materials and methods: Rats received morphine intravenously through implanted catheters for 3, 7, or 21 days to determine the optimal condition for morphine-induced immune suppression. Second, we examined whether intravenous (iv.) or intraperitoneal (ip.) administration produced different results. Third, the effects of acupuncture in rats who received morphine for 21 days were investigated. Spleen and submandibular lymph node (S-LN) weights and natural killer (NK) cell activity were measured, and the white pulp diameter, total and cortical spleen thicknesses, and the number of lymphoid follicles in S-LNs were examined. The number of immunoreactive cells was also measured.
Results: Decreased organ weights and increased atrophic changes were observed as morphine-induced immune suppression. However, dose-dependent increased immune suppression was not observed between 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg of morphine. And, 3-day withdrawal did not affect. Similar histopathological findings were observed in 5.0 and 10.0 ip. rats when compared to equal dosages of iv., respectively. The morphine induced-immune suppression evidenced by spleen and left S-LN weights, splenic NK cell activities, histopathological findings, and the immunoreactive cell number were normalized by acupuncture.
Conclusion: These results indicate that acupuncture inhibits morphine-induced immune suppression, maybe via antioxidative action.ope
Mechanical Stimulation Alters Chronic Ethanol-Induced Changes to VTA GABA Neurons, NAc DA Release and Measures of Withdrawal
Therapeutic activation of mechanoreceptors (MStim) in osteopathy, chiropractic and acupuncture has been in use for hundreds of years with a myriad of positive outcomes. It has been previously shown to modulate the firing rate of neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), an area of interest in alcohol-use disorder (AUD). In this study, we examined the effects of MStim on VTA GABA neuron firing rate, DA release in the NAc, and behavior during withdrawal from chronic EtOH exposure in a rat model. We demonstrate that concurrent administration of MStim and EtOH significantly reduced adaptations in VTA GABA neurons and DA release in response to a reinstatement dose of EtOH (2.5 g/kg). Behavioral indices of EtOH withdrawal (rearing, open-field crosses, tail stiffness, gait, and anxiety) were substantively ameliorated with concurrent application of MStim. Additionally, MStim significantly increased the overall frequency of ultrasonic vocalizations, suggesting an increased positive affective state.ope
์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ํ๋ ํจ์ ์ทจํฅ ํํ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์๋ฅํ๊ณผ,2019. 8. ํ์ง์.ํ๋ ์ฌํ์์ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด์ ํ๋ฐํ ์ด์ฉ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ๋ค์ํ ์ทจํฅ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ก ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ์์๋ฅผ ํํํ๊ณ ์จ๋ผ์ธ์์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋๋ก ์๊ทนํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ ์ง์ธ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ ์ ์ง๋ณด๋ค ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ฌ ๊ณต์ ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ด์ฉ ๋ชฉ์ ๋น์จ์ด ๋์์ก๊ณ , ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก์ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๋ฅ๋์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ด์ฉ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด์์ ์์๋ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํํ๋๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ์๋น ๋์์ด๋ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ํ ์ทจํฅ์ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌ๋๋ค. ํ๋ฌธ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ทจํฅ์ ์ค๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์์น ํ์ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ํด์๋์ด์์ง๋ง, ์ง๋จ์ ์๊ณ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ช
ํด์ง๊ณ ์์ง์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ๋ค์ด ์ฆ์๋๋ ํผ๋ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์์ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ๋์์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฑ ์๋ ์ทจํฅ์ด ์์์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ๋๋ณํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ง๋จ์ ์ฅ์์ธ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด์์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ธ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ํ์
ํ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํ๊ฒฝ ์์ ํ์ฑ๋ ํจ์
๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ๊ณ ์ ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ด์ฉ์ด ํ๋ฐํ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด์ธ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ํํ ํ๋๊ณผ ๋ด์ฌ๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๋์ด์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ ์๋ก์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์ํ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ๊ณ ์ค์ฒํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ํ๋ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ ํํ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์์ ํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐจ์์ ํด์์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ฒซ์งธ, ํจ์
์ทจํฅ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ํ์ฉ ํน์ฑ์ ํ์
ํ๊ณ , ๋์งธ, ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์์ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ์๋ก์ ํํ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ ํ๋ ์์๋ค์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์
์งธ, ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ํ๋ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ ํํ์ ๋ด์ฌ๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฐ ํ๋๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ธ์๊ณผ ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ฌํ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ๋ค์ ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๋์์ ๋ฌธํ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋คํธ๋
ธ๊ทธ๋ผํผ์ 1:1 ์ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ณํํ์๋ค. ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์์นด์ด๋ธ ๋ด์ฉ๋ถ์์ ์ํด ๊ฐ ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์๊ฐ ํ๋ฆ ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๋ค์ผ ํ์ ์์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก ์๋ฃํํ์ฌ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ณตํด์ ์ด๋ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ์ฃผ์ ๋ค์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ทจํฉํ์๋ค. ์ทจํฉ๋ ์ ํ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ค์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ํฌํจ๋ ํ
์คํธ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ์ฌ ์๋ฃํํ ๋ค ๋ถ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ์ ํ๋์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋จ๊ณ๋ณ ํ๋ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ด์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐํ๋ ์ง๋ฌธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์งํํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฃํํ ์ ํ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ์ฌ์ง์ค๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ต ๋ด์ฉ์ ์์งํ๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ 20โผ30๋๋ก ํจ์
๊ด์ฌ๋๊ฐ ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ ์ด์ฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ 3๋
์ด์, ํ๊ท ์ฃผ 1, 2ํ ๊ฒ์ ํ๋์ ํ๋ ๋น์์
์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ด์ฉ์ 21๋ช
์ด ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ, ํจ์
์ทจํฅ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ ํ์ฉ ํน์ฑ์ ์๊ธฐ ํํ๊ณผ ์๊ธฐ ํ์ธ, ์ ๋ณด ์์ง๊ณผ ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต์ , ๊ด๊ณ ๋งบ๊ธฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ ํ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์๊ธฐ ํํ ๋ฐ ํ์ธ ์ฐจ์์์ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ผ๊ธฐ, ์จ๋ฒ, ํฌํธํด๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฉ๋๋ก ์ด์ฉ๋์๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ธ๋ค์ ์์ ์ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ์ค์ค๋ก ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ฑ์ฐฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณต๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ ๋ณด ์์ง ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ฐจ์์์ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋ณด ์์ง์์ด์ ์ ํฌ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ณด ์ด๋ ์ฅ์๋ก ์ด์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ธ๋ค์ด ๋ค์ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณ , ๊ณต์ ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ์ธ๊ณผ ์ทจํฅ์ ๊ต๋ฅํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋์์ ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ด๊ณ ๋งบ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํ์ฑ ์ฐจ์์์ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ก์์ ํ์ฉํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ฌํ ์ทจํฅ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค๋ง ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋งบ์๊ณ , ๋คํธ์ํฌ ํ๋์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
๋์งธ, ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ์๋ก์ ์ธ ํํ ํน์ฑ์ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ํํ ์์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์์ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถํํ๋ ํํ ์์ ์ค ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์์๋ค์ ๊ฐ ํจ์
์ ํ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์ง๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํ๋ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์์ง์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ ์ ์๋ ์์ ํํ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋์๋ค. ๋ถ๋ชจ๋, ์น๊ตฌ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌํ์ ์์๋ค ๋ํ ๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์์๋๋ฐ, ์ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ ํํํ๋ ํ๋์๋ ๋ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์ํ๋ ์๋๋ ํฌํจ๋์ด ์์๋ค.
์
์งธ, ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์์ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ ์๋ก์ ์ธ ํํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก๋ ํ
์คํธ ์ ๋ณด์ ์ ํ, ์ํฉ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ํ์ฉ, ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ํจ๊ณผ ์ฅ์น์ ์ฌ์ฉ, ์นผ๋ผ ๋์์ค์ ๊ฐ์กฐ, ๋์ผํ ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์์ ์ ์ง, ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ ์ฒด ํํ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์์ ํ
์คํธ ์ค๋ช
์ด ๋ถ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ด์ ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์์กด ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํน์ฑ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง, ์์ธํ ์ค๋ช
์ด ์ด๋์์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ ๋ํ๋ ค๋ ํ๋์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ก๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์คํด๋ฅผ ํผํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์งํ๋๋ฉด์ ์ดฌ์ ๋น์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ ์ํฉ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐ์๋์๊ณ , ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์นผ๋ผ ํํ์ด ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋์ผํ ๊ตฌ๋์ ํ์์ ์ ์งํ๋ ํํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ด์ฉ ์ ๋ฌ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ผ๊ด๋ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๋ ๋์ด๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ์ฒด ๋
ธ์ถ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์๋นํ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๊ตด์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ๋
ธ์ถ์ ํผํ๊ณ ๋ท๋ชจ์ต์ด๋ ์ ์ฒด ์ผ๋ถ๋ง ํ๋ํด์ ์ดฌ์ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค.
๋ท์งธ, ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ ํํ์ ๋ด์ฌ๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ๊ณผ์์ ๋ํ ์ด์ค์ ์ธ ํ๋๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ด์ฉ์๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ , ์ ์ฒด์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ง์ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ ํ ์์ค์์์ ๊ณผ์์ ์ธ ํ๋์ ์ทจํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ด์ ๋จํธ์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ค์์ ์ด๋ค ๊ฒ์ด ๊ณผ์๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ์ด๋ ์ ๋๊น์ง๊ฐ ํ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋์ง ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฏธ ์๊ณ ํผํ๊ณ ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ ํ ์์ค์ ์ ์งํ๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ์์ ์ธ ํํ ํ๋์ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค.
ํนํ, ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ํํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ธ ์๋๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋น๋๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ธ๋๋๋ ์ํ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฑ ์๋ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ด ๋๊ฒ ํ๊ฐ๋๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ๋จ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋์๊ณ , ์๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ ํตํ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ํํ์ ์์ ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ค๋ ์๋๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ ๋์์ ํธ๋ ๋์์ ์ดํํ์ง ์์ผ๋ ค๋ ์๋ฐ๋ ํ๋๋ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์๋๋ฐ, ๋์ค์ ํธ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์ข๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ํ์ ๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ ์๋ ์ทจํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋น๋ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ณธ์ธ์ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋๋ ํธ๋ ๋ ์์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฌ ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ, ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ํํํ๋๋ฐ ์ ์ฒด ๋
ธ์ถ์ด๋ ๊ณผ์์ ๋ํด์ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์์ง๋ง, ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ฉฐ ์คํ๋ ค ์ ์ฒด ์ผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์์ฐ์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ ๋์ ๋ณด์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ผ๊ตด์ด๋ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธํ์ํค๋ ํ๋๋ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์์๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ฌํ์์ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ ๊ธด๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์ฐ๊ด๋์ด ์ํฅ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ค์ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์์งํ๊ณ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ํํํ๋ฉฐ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณ ์๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํจ๊ป ํฅ์ ํ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ป๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด๊ฐ ์ด์ฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ฉด์ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ ์ ์์ค์ ์ด์ค์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ฉฐ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ํํํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ํ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ฏธ๋ฌํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ค์ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ์ ํ๋์ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋ค์ํ ์ทจํฅ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ก ์์๋ฅผ ํํํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์์ ์ ์์ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ด์ฌ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ถ์ด ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ํ์ ์์กด์ ์ธ ํ๋๊ฐ ๋
ธ์ถ๋์ง ์๋๋ก ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ์กด์ฌ๋ก์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํตํด ์์๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ด ์์ง๋ง, ๋์์ ์ด๊ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์์ ๋ก์์ง๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์์ง ๋ํ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์์์ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ ํํ ํ๋์ ๋ํ ์ฌํ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐจ์์ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ฌธํ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ธ ๋คํธ๋
ธ๊ทธ๋ผํผ์ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ณํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ค์ฌ ํด์์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์ ๋ํ ์ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์ดํด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ํนํ, ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์ค์ฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
์ ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋์ง ์๋ ๋ณต์กํ๊ณ ๋ค์ธต์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์์ด ์ฐธ์ฌ์์ ์ธ์์ด๋ ํ๋์ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ดํด๊ฐ ์ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํผํฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํํ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
๋์งธ, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์์ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ๋ํ ํํ ํ๋ ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์์ ํํ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ทจํฅ์ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํด์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋์ด๊ฐ ์ทจํฅ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณํ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ ์ถํ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋์์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค. ๋ค๋ณํ๋ ํ๋ ์ฌํ์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ทจํฅ์ ๊ณ์ํด์ ํ์ฑ๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ค์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ๋ฏธ๋์ด์์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ์ํ ์ํฅ์ด ๊ฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ์ ๋ํ ํ๋ฌธ์ ๊ด์ ์ ๋ํ๋๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค.
์
์งธ, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ฌํ์ ์ํธ์์ฉ๊ณผ ์๋ก์ ํํ ํ๋์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ด์ ํ์ฑ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ธ์๊ณผ ํ๋๋ฅผ ํ์
ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ค ๊น์ด ์๊ฒ ์ดํดํ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ํจ์
์ทจํฅ ํํ ํ๋๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ด์ ์ ํ๋ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ์ง ์๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ด์ฉ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ์ฑ๋๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์์์ ์ดํดํ๊ณ ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋๋ถ์ด, ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํน์์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์ํ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํํ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ถํ์์ผ ์ง์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๋ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋ค.The active use of social media in modern society is prompting individuals to actively express and share their selves online with various tastes as mediums. Social media has seen a higher rate of use for hobbies or sharing interests than for maintaining relationships with acquaintances, and people have become active media users who use social media as a tool for self-exhibiting. In social media, self is portrayed indirectly through tastes in consumption or experience rather than through direct expression. From an academic point of view, tastes have long been interpreted as a means of displaying socioeconomic positions, but as the hierarchical boundaries of groups become unclear and symbolic meanings proliferate, individuals are forming fashion tastes around objects that give their own values. As characteristic tastes have become representative of self-identity, people are trying to effectively show discriminatory fashion tastes in social media, a place of social encounters.
In order to identify fashion tastes by reflecting modern media characteristics and understand fashion culture formed in the media environment, this study examined the expression activities of fashion taste and their inherent meanings, focusing on Instagram, the most active social media currently in use. The analysis of fashion tasting expressions on Instagram will be a cultural interpretation of current society, as the ritual actions found in the media become a way to understand and practice the society and culture in which individuals belong.
The research question of this study is firstly to identify the utilization characteristics of Instagram related to fashion taste, and secondly, to analyze the ritual expression characteristics of fashion taste on Instagram to reveal the behavior patterns commonly found. And third, to grasp the inherent meaning in the expression of fashion taste shown on Instagram, this study take a look at the general perception and attitude of behavior pattern and examine the sociocultural implications comprehensively.
As a method of research, netnography, an online cultural anaylisis method, and 1:1 in-depth interview were performed together. In order to analyze the archive contents of Instagram posts, all the posts in each account were reproduced as thumbnail-type small images in order of time flow and viewed over and over again, and after that, the data was collected selectively around emerging topics. The selected images were made in the data form, and used for analysis with compiling text information contained in each image. The in-depth interview was conducted flexibly, based on semi-structured questionnaires consisting of the purpose and content of each step of behavior, focusing on the participants' posting and searching activities, and the method to describe the picture of the selected images was also accompanied. The participants in the study were those in their 20s and 30s with high level of fashion involvement, and 21 participants were selected for noncommercial purpose users, who post one or two times a week on average for Instagram.
The results of this study are as follows.
First, Instagram utilization characteristics related to fashion taste have been identified by self expression and self confirmation, information collecting and information sharing, relationship building and relationship forming. In self expression and confirmation, Instagram was used for three purposes: diary, album and portfolio, and individuals were given the opportunity to identify and reflect their fashion tastes on their own. In terms of collecting and sharing information, Instagram has been used as a major information collector and a enjoyable information reading place, helping individuals to develop fashion tastes using various information and interact with others through sharing. And in terms of relationship building and forming, people allowed the following limitedly or formed a selective relationship with people of similar tastes, and were generally passive about expanding the network.
Second, this study analyzed the expression factors and methods of fashion taste in order to identify the ritual expression characteristics of fashion taste on Instagram. The material expression factors appearing repeatedly in the image were given symbolic value based on past experience of acquiring or using it rather than on the meaning of each fashion product itself, and became a medium of self-expression to explain their identity. The social factors, such as parents and friends, were also subject to self-explanation, focusing on their relationships, and in the case of a lover, they intended to show off their relationship through fashion taste expressions.
Third, the ritual expression methods associated with fashion taste in Instagram have been identified by limiting text information, using contextual context, using technical effects devices, highlighting color nuances, maintaining the same structure and format, and indirect body expression. The reason for the insufficient text description on Instagram was that the detailed explanation, along with the image-dependent tendency, was regarded as an behavior to induce followers' reaction, so they intended to avoid the misunderstanding about it. Fashion tastes were imaged, reflecting the context of space or situation at the time of being photographed, and the effect of various technical devices and color expression were considered important. In addition, expression method maintaining the same arrangement and format were able to communicate effectively and also gave the possibility to be perceived as sensuous and consistent fashion taste. However, they were quite sensitive to physical exposure, using methods to avoid direct exposure to the face and capture the back or zoom in the part of the body.
Fourth, a double-sidedness attitude toward conspicuousness was found in the inherent meaning in Instagram's expression of fashion taste, with participants taking show off behaviors at a certain level, moving between showing and concealing in economic, sensory and physical aspects. People already knew the boundaries of what was being regarded the conspicuousness behaviors as and what extent allowed within the social media, and were behaving a proper level of the conspicuousness.
Especially, since the expression of fashion taste is apt to be criticized as an economic conspicuousness behavior, participants were thinking about how to indirectly reveal a fashion brand or product. As characteristic fashion tastes were highly valued, aesthetic sense and judgment abilities were highlighted in importance, and differentiated image expression through colors and so on was intended to show one's own ability. But they also had conflicting attitudes about pursuing individuality while not breaking away from the trend, which they criticized as an other's preference that blindly follows the trend, but also wanted to show that their fashion taste remained within the trend to some extent. In addition, although they were very resistant to physical exposure or conspicuousness in expressing their fashion taste, they were indirectly revealing and emphasizing parts of the body or beautifying the face or body through natural degree of correction.
In modern society, fashion tastes are closely related to the media and are affected. People are using Instagram to collect various information, actively express themselves, form fashion tastes, and share it with people and enjoy it together. However, as social media was seen as a conspicuousness space as the period of use goes by, people on Instagram expressing their fashion tastes by maintaining a proper level of double-sidedness attitude, and showing off, distinguishing the subtle differences that are acceptable to others. They was still conscious of other people's eyes and wanted to get their attention in expressing themselves through various tastes, and were trying not to expose their dependent attitude on others. As a social being, an individual find meaning in recognition of others, and have the desire to identify themselves through others, but at the same time they were also willing to be free from it.
The significance of this study is as follows.
First, this study overcame the limitations of researcher-centered interpretation and enabled in-depth understanding of research subjects by paralleling in-depth interviews with netnography, a method of cultural analysis, for social and cultural understanding of fashion taste expression activities on Instagram. In particular, Instagram's image-oriented communication includes complex, multilayered meanings that are not exposed externally, making it difficult to understand specific perceptions or attitudes of participants, enabling more accurate analysis with a mixture of two qualitative research methods.
Second, it is believed that this study, through the analysis of expressive behavior on fashion tastes on Instagram, would have helped to increase the possibility of a specific interpretation of tastes as a means of individual self-expression, and to infer the influence of the media on the formation and change of tastes. In a diversified modern society, individual tastes are in the process of continuing to form, and especially since interaction with the media cannot be overlooked, therefore, the results of this study are expected to have contributed to broadening academic perspectives on fashion tastes.
Third, this study is meaningful in that it has a deeper understanding of the modern media environment and culture by analyzing people's social interactions and ritual expressive behavior on Instagram and identifying the perceptions and attitudes of those formed within the media. Instead of considering the fashion tastes expression activities that occur on Instagram as a limited phenomenon within the media, this study tried to approach the cultural phenomena that form with media use and understand them on a social level. In addition, further studies that analyze intensively with subdivided study participants for a more accurate understanding that reflects media specificity are also proposed.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
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Abstract 154Docto
Inside-out anal sacculectomy in small dog breeds and cats
This report describes a new, simple and rapid surgical technique for the removal of anal sac in small dogs and cats. The anal sacs were simply everted using mosquito hemostatic forceps and excised with the aid of an electrocautery surgical unit. On the evaluation of postoperative complications, only one dog of 28 animals experienced short-term minor complications of mild fecal incontinence and scooting. Thus, we suggest that this new surgical technique is easy, inexpensive and time-saving and some of the complications with previously reported methods used for small dog breeds and cats may be avoided by using this technique. Copyright ยฉ 2023 Lee, Jeong, Bae, Park, Moon and Kim.ope
Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions between lobeglitazone, empagliflozin, and metformin in healthy subjects
Concomitant administration of lobeglitazone, empagliflozin, and metformin is expected to enhance blood glucose-lowering effects and improve medication compliance in patients with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions and safety of lobeglitazone and co-administered empagliflozin and metformin, which are approved agents used in clinical settings. Two randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, 2-treatment, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover clinical trials (parts 1 and 2) were conducted independently. In part 1, lobeglitazone monotherapy or lobeglitazone, empagliflozin, and metformin triple therapy was administered for 5 days. In part 2, empagliflozin and metformin dual therapy or the abovementioned triple therapy were administered for 5 days. Serial blood samples were collected up to 24 hours after the last dose in each period for PK evaluation. The primary PK parameters (AUCtau,ss, Cmax,ss) of treatment regimens in each study part were calculated and compared. For lobeglitazone, the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) with 90% confidence intervals (CI) for triple therapy over monotherapy were 1.08 (1.03โ1.14) for Cmax,ss and 0.98 (0.90โ1.07) for AUCtau,ss. For empagliflozin, the GMRs and 90% CIs for triple therapy over dual therapy were 0.87 (0.78โ0.97) for Cmax,ss and 0.97 (0.93โ1.00) for AUCtau,ss. For metformin, the GMRs and 90% CIs for triple therapy over dual therapy were 1.06 (0.95โ 1.17) for Cmax,ss and 1.04 (0.97โ1.12) for AUCtau,ss. All reported adverse events were mild. The triple therapy consisting of lobeglitazone, empagliflozin, and metformin did not show any clinically relevant drug interactions in relation to the PKs and safety of each drug substance. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04334213. ยฉ 2023 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology.ope
Cardioembolic stroke: dual-energy cardiac CT for differentiation of left atrial appendage thrombus and circulatory stasis
PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic performance of dual-energy cardiac computed tomography (CT) in the detection of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi and differentiation between thrombus and circulatory stasis in patients with stroke, by using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as the reference standard.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board approved this study, and patients provided informed consent. Thirty-two patients with stroke who had atrial fibrillation (AF) and either thrombus or the spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) echo pattern at TEE were prospectively enrolled. For the control group, 31 patients who were planning to undergo AF ablation and who had no abnormalities at TEE were enrolled. All patients underwent dual-energy cardiac CT that was not electrocardiographically gated. For quantitative analysis, iodine concentration was measured on CT images. The statistical significance of differences in mean iodine concentration between thrombus and SEC as measured at CT was assessed by using the Student t test.
RESULTS: Among the 63 patients, a total of 13 thrombi and 19 instances of SEC were detected at TEE. Using TEE as the reference standard, the overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of dual-energy cardiac CT in the detection of thrombi and SEC in the LAA were 97% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82%, 100%), 100% (95% CI: 86%, 100%), 100%, and 97%, respectively. At CT, the mean iodine concentration was 1.23 mg/mL ยฑ 0.34 (standard deviation) for thrombus and 3.61 mg/mL ยฑ 1.01 for SEC (P = .001).
CONCLUSION: Dual-energy cardiac CT is a highly sensitive modality for detecting LAA thrombus and for differentiating thrombus from SEC in patients with stroke.ope
NSCLC Subtype Prediction Using Cytologic Fluid Specimens From Needle Aspiration Biopsies
This study evaluated the diagnostic usefulness of tumor marker concentrations in cytologic fluids (CF) for subtyping non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and assessed the relationship between fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) uptake with serum and CF tumor marker levels. This prospective study included 88 patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) concentrations in the CF samples were correlated with serum tumor marker concentrations, (18)F-FDG uptake, and NSCLC subtype. Fifty-eight patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma. Multivariate analysis revealed higher CF and serum SCCA levels; smoking status predicted SCC from adenocarcinoma. CF SCCA showed the highest accuracy (83%) in distinguishing between SCC and adenocarcinoma. CF samples obtained during routine needle aspiration biopsy procedure contain tumor marker levels sufficient to distinguish between SCC and adenocarcinoma; CF SCCA had the highest diagnostic accuracy.ope
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