11 research outputs found

    Chronological relationship between serum concentrations of LH, prolactin and testosterone prior to and during surgery under general anesthesia in male patients

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ธ์ฒด์— ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‡Œํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ACTH, GH ๋ฐ prolactin๋“ฑ stress hormone๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ž๊ทน์ด gonadotropin๋ถ„๋น„์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋˜์–ด์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ „์‹  ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜์— ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ LH ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹  ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜์— ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ LH ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ „์‹  ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜์— ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ testosterone ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ testosterone ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‡Œํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒด์—์„œ negative feedback ๊ธฐ์ „์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ LH ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ž๊ทน์‹œ prolactin ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ testosterone ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ prolactin ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” LH-RH์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‡Œํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ LH ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด ๋“ฑ(1981)์€ ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ž๊ทน์‹œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ LH ๋†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œ์ƒํ•˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” LH-RH์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‡Œํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ prolactin ๋†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์‹  ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜์— ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ prolactin์ด testosterone ๋†๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์—ฌ negative feedback ๊ธฐ์ „์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‡Œํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒด์—์„œ LH ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ๊ฐ„, ์‹ , ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” 8์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ทจ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ค‘ prolactin, LH, testosterone์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1) ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ prolactin ๋†๋„๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ ์œ ๋„ํ›„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹œ์ž‘ํ›„ 20๋ถ„์— ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2) ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ LH ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹œ์ž‘ํ›„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ 30๋ถ„์— ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ˆ  2์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ์ „์ฒ˜์น˜์ „์˜ ๋†๋„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3) ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ testosterone ๋†๋„๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ ์œ ๋„ํ›„๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ค‘ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ „์‹  ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜์— ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ LH ๋†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” test-osterone ๋†๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ negative feedback ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The neuroendocrine responses to surgical stress in man include release of ACTH, GH and prolactin in the serum(Gooper and Nelson, 1962: Ney et al., 1966: Schlach, 1967: Gordon et al., 1972: Jeffrey et al., 1977). It has been frequently demonstrated that serum LH levels increased significantly from preanest thesia levels during surgery under general anesthesia in male patients (Aono, 1972: Nakasima., 1975: Na et al., 1981: Lee et al., 1981). Evidence has accumulated that serum testosterone levels decreased significantly from preanesthesia levels during and following surgery in male patients (Carstensen et al., 1969: Monden et al., 1972: Aone et al., 1972: Nakasima et al., 1975). Some investigators assumed that decreased testosterone levels might act by negative feedback mechanism on the pituitary gland, therby increasing LH. Serum prolactin started to increase prior to anesthesia, reaching maximum level at 30 min after onset of anesthesia (Lee et al., 1981). Evidence has also accumulated that testosterone secretion is impaired in hyperprolactinemic state (Thorner et al., 1974: Faglia et al., 1977). In the present study, serum levels of LH, prolactin and testosterone were measured at differrent time prior to and during s-rgery in order to understand chronological relationship between LH, prolactin and testosterone. Eight male patients volunteered for the study. None of these patients had any disorders of the endocrine, liver or kidney functions as judged by routine tests. The patients had not been exposed to any particular kind of stress before operation. The concentrations of serum prolactin, LH and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay method. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Serum prolactine started to increase significantly after anesthesia, reachingmaximum level at 20 min. after onset of operation and decreased progressively thereafter, but remained at increased level compared with preanesthesia level. 2. Serum LH started to increase significantly after operation, reaching maximum level at 30 min. after onset of operation and returend to preanesthesia level at 2 hours after onset of operation. 3. Serum testosterone was not chaned significantly during surgery. From the above results, it may be concluded that serum LH elevation during surgery under general anesthesia in male patients may not be mediated by negative feedback action of decreased testosterone level.restrictio

    Effect of caffeine on the Ca++ pool affecting contractility and actomyosin ATPase activity in vascular smooth muscle of rabbit

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]Caffeine์€ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด Ca**++ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Ca**++์„ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ• ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ถ•์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด Ca**++ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ถ„๊ทน ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด caffeine์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์™„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํ‰๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํ™˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด caffeine์ด ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ Ca**++ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ actomyosin ATPase ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ๋„์— caffeine์˜ ์–ต์ œ์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. Caffeine์€ norepinephrine, ๊ณ ๋†๋„์˜ K**+ ๋ฐ histamine์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ์ด์™„์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, caffeine์„ ๋‹จ๋… ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์„ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด์™„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2. Caffeine์€ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ์•ก์˜ Ca**++ ๊ทผ์›์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์˜ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3. Caffeine์€ (45)**Ca efflux ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 4. ์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ์„ฑ ฮฒ-์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ด‰์‡„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ธ propranolol์„ ์ „ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์—์„œ caffeine์— ์˜ํ•œ ์–ต์ œ์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5. Caffeine์€ norepinephrine์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ Ca**++ ์œ ์ž…์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 6. Caffeine์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ๋ฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์˜ actomyosin ATPase ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ caffeine์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด Ca**++ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Ca**++์„ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋‚˜, caffeine์ด ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ Ca**++ ์œ ์ž… ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ถ• ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ Ca**++ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ œ๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ์ด์™„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Caffeine has been known to induce the contraction of rabbit aortic ring resulting from Ca**++ release from the intracellular stores. But in contrast, contraction of aortic ring induced by depolarizing agents or agonist was reported to be suppressed by caffeine. The present study was intended to examine the effect of caffeine on Ca**++ movement across the plasma membrane and actomyosin ATPase activity of vascular smooth muscle to elucidate the modes of action of caffeine on the vascular smooth muscle. Aortic ring preparations were made from the rabbit thoracic aorta and the endothelial cells were removed from the ring by gentle rubbing. The contractility of the aortic ring was measured under varying conditions, and Ca**++influx across the membranes of the aortic rind was measured with Ca**++sensitive electrode with and without caffeine and the effect of caffeine on actomyosin ATPase activity were measured by modified Hartshrone's method.(45)**Ca wash out curves with and without caffeine were studied by Richard's method. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Caffeine inhibited the contractility induced by norepinephrine, high K**+ and histamine, but contraction was demonstrable even in the absence of external Ca**++. 2. Caffeine increased (45)**Ca efflux from vascular smooth muscle. 3. In the presence of propranolol, the inhibitory effect of caffeine on epinephrine induced contraction still persisted. 4. Caffeine decreased norepinephrine induced Ca**++ influx through the plasma membranes of aortic ring. 5. Caffeine decreased the actomyosin ATPase activity of vascular smooth muscle. From the above results, it is suggested that caffeine induces the contraction of vascular smooth muscle by release of Ca**++ from intracellular Ca**++ stare, but inhibits drug-induced contraction by decrease of Ca**++ influx across the plasma membranes and a decreased Ca" sensitivity of contractile protein in vascular smooth muscle.restrictio

    (An) Extended RSVP Protocol in 3rd Generation Mobile Networks

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    Maste

    The Effect of Learning Strategies on Academic Achivement: A Meta-Analysis based on Learnerโ€™s Characteristics and Intervention Conditions

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