84 research outputs found
Effect and action mechanism of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on cavernosal smooth muscle in the rabbit penis
์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
์๊ฒฝํด๋ฉด์ฒด ํํ๊ทผ์ ์ด์์ ์๊ฒฝ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ์ฃผ๋ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ ์๋๋ ๋
๋ฆฐ์ฑ, ์ฝ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋น์๋๋ ๋ ๋ฆฐ์ฑ๋น์ฝ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฌ๋ฌผ์ง์ด ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
ํนํ ๋น์๋๋ ๋ ๋ฆฐ์ฑ๋น์ฝ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ญํ ์ด ์๊ฒฝ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ
๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ฌผ์ง ์ค VIP๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ ฅํ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฌ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก ์ธ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
VIP๋ ๋ผ์ง์ ์ญ์ด์ง์ฅ์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์กฐ์ง ํนํ ๋น๋จ
์์๊ณ์ ๋๋ฆฌ ๋ถํฌ๋์ด ์์์ด ๋ฐํ์ ธ ์๋ค. VIP๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ํํ๊ทผ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ํด ์ธํฌ๋ง์
๊ณผ๋ถ๊ทน์ํค๊ณ ํ๋์ ์์ ๊ฐ์์ํด์ผ๋ก ์ต์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์คํ์์๋ ํ ๋ผ ์๊ฒฝํด๋ฉด์ฒด์ ๋ํ VIP์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์๋๋ ๋ ๋ฆฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฝ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ์
๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ง์ด ๊ฒ์ํ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์ฉ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ดํผ์ธํฌ์์กด ์ด์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์นผ์ ๋ฐ ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด๋
๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ด์ง์ด ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค.
์คํ๋๋ฌผ๋ก๋ ์ฒด์ค 2.0โผ2.5kg์ ์ซํ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๊ณ ์๊ฒฝํด๋ฉด์ฒด ์ ํธ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด 37โ
์ Tyrode์ฉ์ก 1ml๊ฐ ๋ค์ด์๋ ์ด์ค๋ฒฝ organ bath์ ํ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 95% O^^2 -5% CO^^2 ํผ
ํฉ๊ฐ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธํ์๋ค. ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ํฌ์ฌํ์ฌ ๋ํ๋๋ ์ ํธ์ ์์ถ๊ณก์ ๋ณ๋์ Polygraph(Gras
s Model 7, Quince, Mass.)์ ๋ฌ์ฌํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. VIP๋ ํ ๋ผ ์๊ฒฝํด๋ฉด์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฉ๋์์กด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์์์ผฐ๋ค.
2. VIP ์ ์ฒ์น๊ฐ ฮฑ^^1 ๋ฐ ฮฒ^^1 -์๋๋ ๋ ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์ํ ์์ถ์ ๋ด์ํ์ง ๋ชปํ์๋ค
.
3. VIP๋ ฮฒ-์๋๋ ๋ ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์ํ ์ด์์ ์๋ฌด๋ฐ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์ง ๋ชป
ํ์๋ค.
4. VIP์ ์ํ ์ด์ํจ๊ณผ๋ ฮฒ-์๋๋ ๋ ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ๋ด์์ ์ ์ฝ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ๋ด์์ ์ ์ํด ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ
์ง์์๋ค.
5. VIP์ ํด๋ฉด์ฒด ์ด์ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๋ดํผ์ธํฌ์์กด ์ด์์ ๋ด์ํ๋ ๋ฌผ์ง์ธ methylene blue์
์ํด ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค.
6. VIP๋ ์นผ๋ฅจ 20mM ๋ฐ 80mM์ ์ํ ์์ถ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์ง ๋ชปํ์๋ค.
7. ์นผ์๋ฐฐ์ ๊ณ ์นผ๋ฅจ ํ๋ถ๊ทน ์์์ก๋ด์์ ์นผ์์ ์ํด ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ ๊ธด์ฅ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ VIP์
์ํด ์์์๊ฒ ์ต์ ๋์๋ค.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณด์ VIP๋ ํ ๋ผ ์๊ฒฝํด๋ฉด์ฒด์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ด์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ์๋
๋ ๋ ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฌ๋ฌผ์ง๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ดํ๊ฒ VIP ๊ณ ์ ์ ์์ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ํ๋๋ฉฐ ์ด
์๋ ๋ดํผ์ธํฌ์์กด์ฑ์ผ๋ก์ ์นผ์์ ์ธํฌ๋ด์ ์
๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๊ด์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
A non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic mechanism for the penile erection has been
suggested after the observation that atropine or ฮฒ-receptor antagonist fails to
block penile erection produced by pelvic nerve stimulation. Vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide(VIP) has merged as a strong candidate for a possible non-adrenergic,
non-cholinergic inhibitory transmitter in penile erection.
In this study, the effect of VIP and its relationship to adrenergic or
cholinergic mechanism were observed using the isolated corpus cavernosal strip from
the rabbit penis, and the action meccanism of VIP was investigated with special
reference to release of endothelium dependent relaxation factor and the
mobilization of Ca**++ and K**+ ions.
The corpus cavernosal strip was carefully prepared from rabbit penis and was
suspended in an organ bath containing 1ml of Tyrode solution maintained at 37โ.
The Tyrode solution was aerated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. One end of
the cavernosal strip was fixed to the bottom of the bath and the other end to the
force displacement transducer(FT .03, Grass, Quinsy, Mass.). When a stable tension
level of the strip had been attained, drugs were added to the organ bath and the
change of motility of the strip was recorded on a Polygraph(Grass Model 7, Quincy,
Mass.).
The results obtained are as follows;
1. VIP caused a dose-dependent relaxation of the cavernosal strip of the rabbit
penis.
2. VIP pretreatment had no effect on the contraction induced by ฮฑ^^1 and ฮฑ^^2
-adrenergic agonists.
3. VIP had no synergistic effect on the relaxation produced by acetylcholine or
isoproterenol.
4. Neither atropine nor propranolol had any blocking effect on the VIP-induced
relaxation.
5. Methylene blue decreased the relaxation of the cavernosal strip which was
induced by VIP.
6. VIP had ne effect on the contraction induced by either KCI 20 mM or 80 mM.
7. In calcium-free high potassium solution, VIP inhibited the calcium-induced
contraction.
From the above results, it is suggested that VIP exerts an endothelium dependent
relaxing effect on the cavernosal strip of the rabbit penis via its own receptor
which is associated, in part, with the inhibition of calcium influx.restrictio
Distribution of muscle fiber type in the canine intrinsic laryngeal muscle
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
ํฌ์ ๋ฅ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ํ์๋ ๋ ์ข
๋ฅ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทผ์์ฌ์ ATPase์ ํ์ฑ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์ํ
์ โ
ํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์ฑ๋๊ฐ ๋์ํ์ โ
กํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์งํํ
์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ โ
ํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์์ถํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํผ๋ก๊ฐ ์ค์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ โ
กํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ๋
๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์์ถํ๋ฉด์ ํผ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ํ๋์์ฒด๊ทผ์ก ๋ด์๋ โ
ํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ์
โ
กํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋น์จ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ์๋ ์ฌ์ง๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์์ ์ํ๋์ด์จ ์กฐ์งํ
ํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํด์, ๊ฐ์ ํ๋์์ฒด๊ทผ์ก ์ค ์ค์๊ฐ์๊ทผ, ํ์ค์ํผ์ด๊ทผ, ๊ฐ์ํผ์ด๊ทผ์
๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋น์จ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ํ๋์์ฒด๊ทผ์ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ํ
์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋น์จ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค.
๋ค์ฏ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐํ๋์์ ์ค์๊ฐ์๊ทผ, ํ์ค์ํผ์ด๊ทผ, ๊ฐ์ํผ์ด๊ทผ์ ์ฑ์ทจํ์ฌ pH 9.4, 4.
65, 4.3 ์ ์ฒ์น ํ ๊ทผ์์ฌ์ ATPase์ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ NADH-TR์ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. โ
ํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์
๋ฐ โ
กํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋๋ฉฐ โ
กํ์ ์ํ ์ค โ
กAํ์ ์์ผ๋ โ
กBํ์ ์์๋ค. โ
ํ ๊ทผ์ฌ
์ ์ โ
กํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ์ ๋น์จ์ ์ค์๊ฐ์๊ทผ 47% : 53%, ํ์ค์ํผ์ด๊ทผ 49% : 51%, ๊ฐ์ํผ์ด๊ทผ
์ 33% ; 67% ๋ก โ
กํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ผ๋ฉฐ ํนํ ๊ฐ์ํผ์ด๊ทผ์์ ๋ง์ด ์์๋ค. โ
ํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ๋ถํฌ๋น๊ฐ ์ค์๊ฐ์๊ทผ ๋ฐ ํ์ค์ํผ์ด๊ทผ์์ ๊ฐ์ํผ์ด๊ทผ์ ๋นํด ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์
์ด์ ๋ ์์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ์ค์๊ฐ์๊ทผ๊ณผ ํก๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋๊ทผ์ธ ํ์ค์ํผ์ด๊ทผ์์ ํผ๋ก์ ํญ
์ฑ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ค. โ
กํ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ๋ถํฌ๋น๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํผ์ด๊ทผ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ทผ์ก๋ณด๋ค
์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ ์ด์ ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ ์ํ ์์ถ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
There is a close correlation between the contraction speed of a muscle and its
activity of actomyosin ATPase. In most mammalian muscles, two main types of muscle
fibers can be identified, one with low actomyosin ATPase activity (type โ
) and the
other with high actomyosin ATPase activity (type โ
ก). The former had a low
constriction speed and the latter had a high. There is also considerable variation
in the various laryngeal muscles. Accordingly, an enzyme-histochmical study was
carried out on intrinsic muscles of the canine larynx to see to what extent this
functional difference is reflected in the proportion of type โ
and type โ
ก fibers.
Muscle specimens of laryngeal intrinsic muscles were obtained from five dogs.
Sections were stained with NADH-TR and ATPase at PH 9.4, 4.65, and 4.3. Type โ
and
โ
กA muscle fibers were identified, but type โ
กB fibers were abscent. Each muslce
had a type โ
ก fiber predominence of variable degrees: cricotyroid had a mean type
โ
to type โ
ก ratio of 47:53, posterior cricoarytenoid(49: 51), whereas a
pronounced type โ
ก fiber predominence was found in the thyroarytenoid
muscles(33:67). The high percentage of fast-twitch, type โ
ก fibers in the
thyroarytenoid muscles is well adapted to the emergency protective function these
muscles perform, in rapidly constricting the glottis. In contrast, the higher
percentage of type โ
fibers in the cricothyroid muscles may signify a greater
performance because they contribute as tensors of the vocal fold to determine
high-piched voices. Further, the high number of type โ
fibers in the posterior
cricoarytenoid muscle may be related to the fact that this muscle, as the only
glottis abductor, is directly involved in respiration.restrictio
้็ผ้ไธ ่พฒๆๅฐๅ็คพๆ์ ์์ด์์ ๅญธๆ กๆ่ฒ์ ๅฝนๅฒ์ ๊ดํ ็ก็ฉถ
์ด ๅ ฑๅๆธ๋ ็ก็ฉถ่
๊ฐ 1973๋
6์์ ็ๆํ์ฌ ํ์ฌ ็ต็ตๆฎต้์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ ้กๅ์ ็ก็ฉถ็ตๆ์ ไธ้จ๋ฅผ ๆด็ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ็ก็ฉถ์ ็ฌฌไบๆฌก ๅนดๅบฆ์ธ 1974๋
์ ็ก็ฉถ๋ ๆๆ้จ ๅญธ่ก็ก็ฉถๅฉๆ่ฒป์ ์ํ์ฌ ้ฒ่ก๋ ์ ์์์์ ๋ฐํ ่ฌๆ์ ่กจํ๋ค.็ผๅฑ้ไธ์ ์๋ ็คพๆ๋ค์ด ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๆจ้ฒไธญ์ ์๋ ์ค์ํ ๅๅฎถ็ ๆ็ญ ์ค์ ํ๋๋ ๅฐๅ็คพๆํนํ ่พฒๆๅฐๅ็คพๆ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๅๅฎถ็ผๅฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ก ๆณๅฎํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ ๅชๅ์ ์ฒด๊ณํํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์๋ง์ ์ด๋์ด๋ ๆฑๅๅฎถ็, ๅๆฐ็ ้ฃๅ์ผ๋ก ๅฐๅ็คพๆ้็ผ์ ์ํ ๆฝ็ญ์ด ๅๅฎถ็ ๆฐดๆบ์์ ไธปๅฐ๋๊ณ , ๅๅฐๅๆฐดๆบ์์ ๅ
ท้ซๅ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๅๅฎถ็ ๆฝ็ญ์ ่จๅ ๆจ้ฒํจ์ ์์ด์ ๆฟ็ญๆจน็ซ่
๋ ๆๅฐ่
๊ฐ ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๊ธฐ๋๋ ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ ๅญธๆ ก๊ฐ ์ด ๅๅฎถ็ ็ฎๆจ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋๋ฐ ์ ๋์ ์ญํ ์ ๋ด๋นํ ์ ์๊ณ , ๋ ๋ด๋นํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ์ค์ ํ ์ฌํ์ ๅ
ฌ็ ๆฉ้์ผ๋ก์์ ํ๊ต๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ฌํ์ ไธป็ฐๆฟ็ญ็ฎๆจ๋ฅผ ้ๆํ๋๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋น์ฐํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๊ณตํ์ ๆง่ณช๊ณผ ๅด้ข๊ณผ ็จๅบฆ๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๅฏฆ่ญ็ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฐพ์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ์ด ็ก็ฉถ๋ ๅฐๅ็คพๆ้็ผไบๆฅญ์ด ้ฒ่ก๋๊ณ ์๋ ํ ่พฒๆๅฐๅ์ ๅ็ญๅญธๆ ก์ ๋ํ ้ไธญ็์ธ ไบไพ็ก็ฉถ๋ก์ ๅๅฎถ็ ๆฝ็ญ์ด ่ฒ้ซๅ๋๊ณ ์๋ ๅฐๅ็คพๆ ๆฐดๆบ์์ ๅ็ญๅญธๆ ก๊ฐ ้่กํ๊ณ ์๋ ๆๅฒ์ด ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ ค๋ ่ฉฆๅ์ด๋ค
Morphological and functional outcomes after vertical hemilaryngeal transplantation in teh canine
์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
์ฅ๊ธฐ์ด์์ด ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋๋ ค๋ฉด, ํ๊ด์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ณต, ๊ฑฐ๋ถ๋ฐ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ง, ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ํ๋ณด ๋ฑ์ด ์ ํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ํ์ํ๋ค. ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋์ด์์ ์๋ช
์ฐ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์๋์ง๋ง ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์ ์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ์ธ์ฒด์์์ ์ด์์ ์ํด์๋ ์์์ ์ธ๊ธํ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ค์ ๋ง์กฑ์ํฌ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, ์์ ์ด ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์คํ๋๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ข์ ๋๋ฌผ ๋ชจํ์ด ๋ฐ๋์ ํ์ํ๋ค.
ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ด์ค๊ณ ์๋ ํ๋์ด์์ ๋๋ฌผ๋ชจํ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ฐ ๋ชจํ โ
(Ogura)', '์ฅ ๋ชจํ(Strome), '๊ฐ ๋ชจํ โ
ก(Berke)', '๊ฐ ๋ชจํ โ
ข(Anthony)' ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋๋ฌผ ๋ชจํ๋ค์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ฅ์ ๊ณผ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ณต์ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์์ ํ์ ์ฒ์น๊ฐ ์ด๋ ต๊ฑฐ๋, ๋จ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋น์ผ ๊ฒ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋จ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ๋์ด์์ ์ํด์ ์๋ก์ด ๋๋ฌผ๋ชจํ์ด ์ ์คํ๊ฒ ์๊ตฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ค์ ์ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฒ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฐ์์ ํ๋์์ง์ ๋ฐ ์ด์์ ํ ํ ๊ทธ ํํํ์ ๋ณํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๋ณต์ ๊ด์ฐฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์๋กญ๊ณ ์ ์ฉํ ๋๋ฌผ๋ชจํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
7๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ํ๋ ์์ง์ ๋ฐ ์ด์์ ์ํํ์๋๋ฐ, ์์ฉ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ์ธก ํ๋์ ์์ง์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ ํ์ ๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ์ธก ํ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ๋ผ์ด์ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋์ ๋๋งฅ๊ณผ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋งฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ํ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์, ๋ฐ๊น๊ฐ์ง์ ๋๋์ดํ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ฐ์ง
์ ๋ท๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ์๋ค.
์์ ํ 7์ผ์ ๋ด์๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ ์์ ํ ์ด์์ฑ๊ณต์ 1์ฐจ ํ๊ฐ์์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4๋ง๋ฆฌ(57.1%)์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ๋ณต์ ํ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ ์ต์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ธ 1๋ฌ ์ด์ ์์กดํ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3๋ง๋ฆฌ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค ๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ(#3, #5)์์๋ ๊ทผ์ ๋๊ฒ์ฌ์ ๋ค์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ณต์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. 5๋ง๋ฆฌ์์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ๋ค์ ์ ์ฒด ํ๋๋ฅผ ํผ์ด์ฐ๊ณจ ๋ถ์์์ ์ถ์ ๋จํ์ฌ ํํํ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์ค 5๋ฒ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ์ ์ง๋จ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. 2๋ฒ ๊ฐ๋ ์ 9๋ณ์ผ์ ์ง์์ฌํ ๋ค์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ด๋ด์ด ๊ด์ฐฐํ ๊ฒ์ด์ง๋ง ์๋นํ ์ํธํ ์ด์ํ๋์ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ 3๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ(#3, #6, #7)์์๋ ์ฑ๋๊ทผ์ก๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ณจ์ด ๋ค์ํ ์ ๋ ์์ถ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ค๋๋ ์์์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์๋กญ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๋ณธ ๋๋ฌผ ๋ชจํ๋ ๋ค์์ ๋จ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ํนํ ์๋ฆฌ์ , ํํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ต์ ์ํธํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฐ๋ค(#5, #3, #2)์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด๋๋ฌผ ๋ชจํ์ด ์์ผ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ์ฒด ํ๋์ด์์ ์ค๋น ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ฉํ ๋๋ฌผ ๋ชจํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
To carry out organ transplantation successfully, vascular anastomosis, restoration of function, prevention of rejection and ethical consideration should be considered as indispensable conditions. To achieve laryngeal transplantation in human, these four conditions must be solved before clinical test with necessary animal model.
There have been used four kinds of animal model: 'Dog model โ
(Ogura)', 'Rat model (Strome)', 'Dog model โ
ก (Berke)' and 'Dog model โ
ข (Anthony)'. Each of them has various kinds of disadvantage such as inability of assessing functional recovery, difficulty in postoperative care, and economically high costs.
In this study, the author developed a new animal model to examine morphological changes and functional recoveries after vertical hemilaryngeal transplantation in the canine. Seven vertical hemilaryngeal transplantations were carried out in the
canine. After preparing the host dog removing right sided hemi-larynx, hemi-larynx of the donor dog was transplanted by hooking up the arteries, veins, nerves and hypopharyngeal mucosa. Especially, recurrent laryngeal nerve was anastomosed at the
branch level (anterior and posterior) respectively.
After 7 days, for the first evaluation of the transplantation, four out of seven dogs (57.1%) were considered successful. Three dogs survived more than one month, which is the critical period to evaluate the functional recovery after transplantations. After EMG examination, two dogs (#3, #5 dog) showed some functional recoveries. The five-transplanted hemi-larynges were sectioned at the arytenoid cartilage region to examine the morphological changes. The results showed that the transplanted semi-laiynx appeared normal as control in #5 dog. In addition, #2 dog showed fairy good condition even though died from asphyxia after 9
days transplantation. The other three dogs (#3, #6, #7) showed various levels of Natrophy and disappearance of the muscles and cartilages in their larynges. It is difficult to exclude that there are some disadvantages in this animal model, despite of fairy good recovery in three dogs (#5, #3, #2) morphologically and physiologically. However, it can be suggested that this model could contribute an advance to preparing human laryngeal transplantation in the future.restrictio
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ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ค์ด์ค๋ฌธํ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ณต,2002.Docto
ํด๋ฝ ์คํ์ธ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ํฉ์ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ ๊ธฐยท์ปดํจํฐ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2018. 2. ๊นํํ.Clock distribution network is used to deliver a clock signal from clock source to clock sinks (flip-flops and latches) in synchronous digital systems. However, the process variation caused by the CMOS process technology scaling increases the global clock skew. This reduces the clock speed of circuits, often causing a circuit failure. Consequently, it is essential to minimize the clock skew or control the clock skew in a bound during the synthesis of clock networks. To mitigate the clock skew induced by process variation, clock mesh network is investigated. However, though the clock mesh network provides a high variation tolerance, the clock resource and power consumption on the mesh is unacceptably high. To compromise the clock resource with clock skew variation, the clock spine network can be used as an alternative. But there is not much works which addressed the clock spine network synthesis.
This dissertation addresses the problem of developing a synthesis method for clock spine networks, which is able to systematically explore the clock resource and clock skew variability. The main idea is to transform the problem of allocating and placing clock spines on a plane into a slicing floorplan optimization problem, in which every candidate of clock spine network structures is uniquely expressed into a postfix notation to enable a fast cost computation in the slicing floorplan optimization. Recursive bipartition method and tolerance metric for spine networks are proposed to reduce clock resource consumption while keeping tolerance to variation of clock spine network at a certain level. In addition, to explore the various types of clock spine structure, methodology for synthesizing crossed clock spines is proposed as well. With crossed clock spine structure, clock skew, clock resource usage, and power consumption of clock networks can be controlled. Finally, a clock spine synthesis method that supports clock gating at spine level is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method successfully further reduces the clock skew, clock resource, and power consumption over the networks produced by the previous work.Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Clock Distribution Network 1
1.2 The Effect of Process Variations on Clock Skew 2
1.3 Clock Network Topologies 5
1.4 Microprocessor Clock Distributions 8
1.5 Contributions of This Dissertation 16
Chapter 2 Algorithm for Synthesizing Clock Spine Networks 18
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Preliminaries and Motivation 20
2.2.1 Proposed Clock Spine Structure 20
2.2.2 The benefits of shorting intermediate stages in reducing clock skew 20
2.2.3 Smoothing Effect of Clock Spine 25
2.3 Overall Flow 27
2.4 Determination of the Number of Clock Spines 28
2.5 Transformation of Clock Spine Allocation and Placement Problem 29
2.5.1 Clock Spine Allocation and Placement Problem 29
2.5.2 Slicing Floorplan Optimization Problem 30
2.5.3 Single-line Clock Spine Allocation and Placement Problem 31
2.5.4 Other Considerations for Single Clock Spine Allocation
and Placement 37
2.6 Application of Slicing Floorplan Optimization Algorithm 40
2.6.1 Move Operations 40
2.6.2 Rules for Legal Postfix Expressions 43
2.6.3 Cost Function for Simulated Annealing 46
2.6.4 The Starting Values of N, m, n 46
2.7 Derivation of Solution for Clock Spine Network 46
2.8 Spine-based Recursive Bipartition 47
2.9 Refinement of Clock Spine Network 47
2.10 Experimental Results 49
2.10.1 Experimental Environments 49
2.10.2 Comparison with Clock Tree Structure 51
2.10.3 Comparison with Clock Mesh Structure 54
2.10.4 Skew-resource trade-off based on tolerance metric 55
2.10.5 Run Time Analysis 57
2.10.6 The Effect of Eliminating Isolated Flip-Flops 61
2.10.7 Analysis of Intermediate Results during Simulated Annealing
Process 65
2.11 Summary 66
Chapter 3 Extensions of Algorithm for Synthesizing Clock Spine
Networks 67
3.1 Crossed Clock Spine Allocation and Placement 67
3.1.1 Introduction 67
3.1.2 Proposed Method 68
3.1.3 Experimental Results 74
3.2 Application of Clock Gating 77
3.2.1 Introduction 77
3.2.2 Activity Pattern 79
3.2.3 Problem Definition 81
3.2.4 Proposed Method 81
3.2.5 Experimental Results 82
3.3 Summary 82
Chapter 4 Conclusion 85
Appendices 87
Appendix A The Experimental Results of ISPD2010 Benchmark Circuits with Different ฯ Values 88
์ด๋ก 100Docto
(The) value of urodynamic study in the female urethral syndrome
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
์ฌ์ฑ์์ ์๋์ ๋ฐฉ๊ด๋ฑ์ ํ๋ถ์๋ก์ ๊ธฐ์ง์ ์ธ ์งํ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ง ์๊ณ ์๊ฒ์ฌ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ์์ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋น๋จ, ๊ธ๋จ, ์ผ๊ฐ๋จ, ๋ฐฐ๋จํต ๋ฐ ์น๊ณจ์๋ถ ๋ถ์พ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ฆ์์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ํ์๋ฅผ ํํ ๋ํ๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด ์ฆํ๊ตฐ์ ์์ธ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์์ง ์ ์ค์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ด๋ ค์์ด ๋ง์ ์ค์ ์ด๋ค. ์ ์๋ ํ๋ถ์๋ก์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ธ ์ด์์ด ์ฌ์ฑ์๋์ฆํ๊ตฐ์ ์ผ์ผํฌ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ์ฌ 1984๋
4์๋ถํฐ 1985๋
3์๊น์ง 49๋ช
์ ์ฌ์ฑ์๋์ฆํ๊ตฐ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์๋ฅ์ญํ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. ์ฌ์ฑ์๋์ฆํ๊ตฐ 49๋ก ์ค, 26.5 %์ ํด๋น๋๋ 13๋ก์์ ์ ์์๋ฅ์ญํ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
2. ๋จ์ผ์ด์์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ณด์ธ ์๋ 22๋ก ( 44.9 % )๋ก์ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์ฑ ๋ฐฉ๊ด์ด 10๋ก ( 20.4%), ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ ๋ฐฉ๊ด์ด 1๋ก (2%), ์ต๊ณ ์๋๋จ๋ฉด๋ด์์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 9๋ก ( 18.3% ) ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฉ๊ด์๋๊ด์ฝ๊ทผ๊ทผ์ค์กฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 2๋ก (4%) ์ด์๋ค.
3. ๋ณตํฉ์ด์์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ณด์ธ ์๋ 14๋ก ( 28.6% )๋ก์ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์ฑ ๋ฐฉ๊ด๊ณผ ์ต๊ณ ์๋๋จ๋ฉด๋ด์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 12๋ก (24.4%) ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์ฑ ๋ฐฉ๊ด๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๊ด์๋๊ด์ฝ๊ทผ๊ทผ์ค์กฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 2๋ก(4%) ์ด์๋ค.
4. ์ฃผ๋ ์ด์์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ณ๋ก๋ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์ฑ ๋ฐฉ๊ด์ด 24๋ก ( 49.9% ), ์ต๊ณ ์๋๋จ๋ฉด๋ด์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ 21๋ก ( 42.9% )์ด์๋ค.
์ด์์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ์ข
ํฉํ์ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฌ์ฑ์๋์ฆํ๊ตฐ ํ์์์ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ธ๋ถ์์๊ธฐ ์งํ, ์๋ํ์ฐฉ๋ฑ์ ๋๋ ทํ ์์ธ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ง ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์๋์ฆํ๊ตฐ์ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก์ ์๋ฅ์ญํ์ ์ด์์ ํญ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ฉฐ ์น๋ฃ์ ๋ํด์๋ ํฅํ ์ข ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
We have experienced the female urethral syndrome in many patients, but we are embarrassed in identifying the exact cause of each case and searching for the treatmental modalities. Until new there have been many explanations on the causes of the female urethral syndrome without effective treatmental methods.
I thought there was a possibility of lower urinary tract dysfunction as an evoking factor of this syndrome and so I conducted this study with urodynamic examination on the cause of female urethral syndrome.
I took urodynamic studies in female urethral syndrome at Yonsei University Hospital from April, 1984 till March, 1985 and have come to the conclusion as follows;
1. Among the 49 patients of female urethral syndrome, normal urodynamic findings were revealed in 13 cases (26.5%).
2. There were single abnormal finding in 22 cases (44.9%) which were composed of 10 cases (20.4%) of hypersensitive bladder findings, 1 case (2%) of unstable detrusor, 9 cases (18.3%)of high maximum urethral closure pressure and 2 cases (4%)
of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.
3. The combined abnormal findings were noticed in 14 cases(28.6%), 12 cases (24.4%) of combined hypersensitive bladder and high maximum urethral closure pressure and 2 cases (4%) of combined hypersensitive bladder and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.
4. Hypersensitive bladder finding, which was main abnormal one were found in 24 cases (49.9%), while high maximum urethral closure pressure in 21 cases (42.9%) among 49 patients of female urethral syndrome .
The urodynamic abnormalities must be considered as the cause of female urethral syndrome when we cannot find the exact cause, such as infection, gynecologic disease, urethral stricture and so. And I consider the further studies of treatment in female urethral syndrome are needed.restrictio
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