85 research outputs found

    Reducible poly(amido ethylenimine)-based gene delivery system for improved nucleus trafficking of plasmid DNA

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    In a nonviral gene delivery system, localization of a plasmid DNA in the nucleus is a prerequisite for expression of a desired therapeutic protein encoded in the plasmid DNA. In this study, a reducible polymer-based gene delivery system for improved intracellular trafficking and nuclear translocation of plasmid DNA is introduced. The system is consisted of two components, a plasmid DNA having repeated binding sequence for a karyophilic protein, NFkappaB, and a reducible polymer. A reducible poly(amido ethylenimine), poly(TETA-CBA), was synthesized by a Michael-type addition polymerization between cystamine bisacrylamide and triethyl tetramine. The polymer forming tight complexes with plasmid DNA could be degraded in the reductive cytosol to release the plasmid DNA. The triggered release mechanism in the cytosol could facilitate the interaction between cytosolic NFkappaB and the plasmid DNA having repeated NFkappaB biding motif. Upon activation of NFkappaB by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), most of the plasmid distributed in the cytoplasm was localized within the nucleus, resulting in significantly higher gene transfection efficiency than controls with nondegradable PEI. The current study suggests an alternative way of improving transfection efficiency by taking advantage of endogenous transport machinery for intracellular trafficking and nuclear translocation of a plasmid DNA.ope

    Changes in spatial equity of the Korean intercity rail network in the 2010s

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์žฅ์ˆ˜์€.Korea has supplied railway networks mainly to the Gyeongbu axis for a long time. Cost-efficiency was the predominant rationale for the supply. However, the governmental policy of rail supply has changed to support balanced regional developments. In order to build a railway network based on regional equity, the supply level of the current system should be assessed. Although there are many studies that have dealt with economic changes before and after the opening of high-speed rail, few studies have explored equity changes over the past 10 years. In addition, previous studies mainly measured spatial equity based on socio-economic factors such as land use and population. Since there is an interaction between the structure of the railway network and the travel patterns of people, this study focuses on the characteristics of the transportation system, which is the fundamental cause of regional imbalance. Thus, this research assesses the supply and demand of the current state of rail service for each region using the network analysis. The extent of the inequality was analyzed spatially. A node centrality analysis as one of the methodologies of network analysis was used to reflect the properties of the transportation system. For the centrality index, the strength centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality, and each index represents connectivity, transferability, and mobility, respectively. The change in spatial equality was analyzed based on the centrality value derived for each region. For this purpose, non-spatial statists and spatial statistics were both used. The changes in rail service unbalance in South Korea over 10 years were identified through the Gini coefficient, and the spatial distribution was observed based on spatial autocorrelation. The Local Morans I index was used as the spatial autocorrelation analysis. The concentrated extent of supply and demand of regions were analyzed. Also, the correlation between supply and demand was determined through the bivariate Moran index. The following summarizes the main results of this paper. First, Gini coefficient analysis results shows that the degree centrality and betweenness centrality values were both 0.8 before and after, and the closeness centrality was about 0.6. It could be identified from the Gini coefficient being between 0 and 1 that the railway service levels of regions were unbalanced in South Korea. Despite the expansion of the rail infrastructure during the past 10 years. the spatial balance had not improved. This also proves that the improvement in spatial balance is not easy only through physical railroad line supply. Secondly, the Moran index analysis shows that the supply level and demand of railway service remains significantly higher in the Gyeongbuk and Chungcheong regions than in other regions in 2011 and 2020. In particular, the betweenness centrality analysis that identifies the transfer hubs shows that the impact of the Chungcheong region had increased over the past 10 years. Transfer hubs refer to nodes with significant control within transportation networks. Therefore, a node which has higher betweenness centrality value could incur problems for the entire network when the corresponding region have falls under danger. On the contrary, the railway supply state and demand of the north of Gyeonggi-do, Jeollanam-do, and some areas of Gangwon-do were low. The results of this study can be used during investment decision-making for the balanced development of regions in the future. In particular, regions with low supply levels relative to the demand can be sorted as investment-priority regions. However, the impact of the Seoul metropolitan region could have been underestimated due to the elimination of the metro from the scope of analysis. Additionally, a complementary method must be considered for the actual balanced development of regions because the land properties within each region differ.๊ตํ†ต ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์‹œ์„ฑ, ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๊ท ํ˜•๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์ถ•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋ง์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ใ€Œ์ œ4์ฐจ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฒ ๋„๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณ„ํš ใ€๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ์ฒ ๋„๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ•์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ท ํ˜•์  ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง€์—ญ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ๊ฐœํ†ต ์ „ํ›„์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ฒ ๋„๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋™ ํŒจํ„ด ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์—ญ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ์›์ธ์ธ ๊ตํ†ต์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†ต์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ, ๋งค๊ฐœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ, ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ(connectivity), ๋งค๊ฐœ์„ฑ(transferability), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋™์„ฑ(mobility)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 10๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ฒ ๋„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ž๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ด€(spatial autocorrelation)์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ž๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์€ Anselin์˜ Local Moran's I ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ง‘์ค‘์ •๋„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž€์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 2011๋…„๊ณผ 2020๋…„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งค๊ฐœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์€ 0.8 ์ „ํ›„, ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์€ 0.6 ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0๊ณผ 1์‚ฌ์ด ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ 10๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ๋„๋ง์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„  ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ชฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ตญ์ง€์  ๋ชจ๋ž€์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 2011๋…„๊ณผ 2020๋…„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ถฉ์ฒญ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ™˜์Šน ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ตœ๊ทผ 10๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ถฉ์ฒญ๊ถŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์Šน ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŠน์ • ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ „์ฒด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ถ๋ถ€, ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ•์›๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง€์—ญ๊ท ํ˜•๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„ ํˆฌ์ž ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์šฐ์„  ํˆฌ์ž๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ด‘์—ญ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ† ์ง€ํŠน์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ท ํ˜•๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์™„์  ํƒ€์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 1. ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2 2. ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ 7 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ 7 2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ 8 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ 10 1. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก  10 2. ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ 11 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 13 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  14 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ 14 1. ๋…ธ๋“œ 18 2. ๋งํฌ 22 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  18 1. ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ 18 2. ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ 22 3. LISA ๋ถ„์„ 23 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ 26 1. ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 2. ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์š”์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 39 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” 39 1. ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 40 2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 41 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 51 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  52 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 54 ๋ถ€๋ก 60 Abstract 62์„

    Non-viral systemic delivery of Fas siRNA suppresses cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes in NOD mice

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    A membrane receptor, Fas (CD95), and its ligand FasL have been considered as key players in diabetes pathogenesis. They are known to mediate interactions between beta cells and cytotoxic T cells, which results in apoptotic cell death. We hypothesized that the interruption of Fas-FasL interactions by suppressing Fas expression in beta cells would affect the development of diabetes. The effect of Fas-silencing siRNA (Fas siRNA) on diabetes development was evaluated in a cyclophosphamide (CY)-accelerated diabetes animal model after intravenous administration using a polymeric carrier, polyethylenimine (PEI). The systemic non-viral delivery of Fas siRNA showed significant delay in diabetes incidence up to 40 days, while the control mice treated with naked Fas siRNA, scrambled dsRNA, or PBS were afflicted with diabetes within 20 days. The retardation of diabetes incidence after the treatment of Fas siRNA may be due to the delayed progression of the pancreatic insulitis. In this study, the potential use of a non-viral carrier based siRNA gene therapy for the prevention of type-1 diabetes is demonstrated.ope

    VEGF siRNA delivery system using arginine-grafted bioreducible poly(disulfide amine).

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    Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are able to silence their target genes when they are successfully delivered intact into the cytoplasm. Delivery systems that enhance siRNA localization to the cytoplasm can facilitate gene silencing by siRNA therapeutics. We describe an arginine-conjugated poly(cystaminebisacrylamide-diaminohexane) (poly(CBA-DAH-R)), a bioreducible cationic polymer, as an siRNA carrier for therapeutic gene silencing for cancer. After intracellular uptake of the siRNA/poly(CBA-DAH-R) polyplexes, the reductive environment of the cytoplasm cleaves the disulfide linkages in the polymeric backbone, resulting in decomplexing of the siRNA/poly(CBA-DAH-R) polyplexes and release of siRNA molecules throughout the cytoplasm. The siRNA/poly(CBA-DAH-R) polyplexes, which demonstrate increased membrane permeability with arginine modification, have a similar level of cellular uptake as siRNA/bPEI polyplexes. The VEGF siRNA/poly(CBA-DAH-R) polyplexes, however, inhibit VEGF expression to a greater degree than VEGF siRNA/bPEI in various human cancer cell lines. The improved RNAi activity demonstrated by the VEGF siRNA/poly(CBA-DAH-R) polyplexes is due to enhanced intracellular delivery and effective localization to the cytoplasm of the VEGF siRNAs. These results demonstrate that the VEGF siRNA/poly(CBA-DAH-R) polyplex delivery system may useful for siRNA-based approaches for cancer therapyope

    A family of bioreducible poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery

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    A family of bioreducible poly(disulfide amine)s, which differ in the length of polymethylene spacer [-(CH(2))(n)-] in the main chain and the side chain, has been synthesized. These bioreducible poly(disulfide amine)s exhibit local environment specific degradability and are associated with lower cytotoxicity than branched poly(ethylenimine) (bPEI, 25 kDa). These cationic polymers also show higher buffering capacity and protonation degree than bPEI, facilitating the endosomal escape of carried genetic materials. the transfection efficiency of these agents is oligomethylene length dependent. Poly(cystaminebisacrylamide-spermine) [poly(CBA-SP)], poly(cystaminebisacrylamide-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine) [poly(CBA-APPD)], and poly(cyxtaminebisacrylamide-bis(3-aminopropyl)-ethylenediamine) [ploy(CBA-APED)] with longer propylene [-(CH(2))(3)-] side spacer, demonstrate higher transfection efficacy than the counterpart poly(cystaminebisacrylamide-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine) [poly(CBA-AEPD)] and poly(cystaminebisacrylamide-triethylenetetramine) [poly(CBA-TETA)], which have shorter ethylene [-(CH(2))(2)-] side spacer. the poly(CBA-SP), poly(CBA-APPD), poly(CBA-APED) with the main chain spacer of -(CH(2))(4)-, -(CH(2))(3)-, -(CH(2))(2)- demonstrate similar transfection efficiency, indicating the length of polymer main chain spacer has less influence on transfection efficiency. However, with the same short ethylene [-(CH(2))(2)-] side spacer, poly(CBA-AEPD), with the longer main chain oligomethylene units [-(CH(2))(3)-], showed relatively higher transfection efficiency than poly(CBA-TETA), having shorter main chain oligomethylene units [-(CH(2))(2)-]. of these polymeric carriers, poly(CBA-SP) demonstrated the highest transfection in the C2C12 cell line, while poly(CBA-APED) showed the highest transfection in the HeLa cell line. All of these agents showed greater transfection activity than commercialized bPEI 25 kDa. the poly(disulfide amine)s are promising safe and efficient non-viral vectors for gene delivery.ope

    ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ(80ๅพŒ) ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ ์ž๋…€ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹- ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ -

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์œ ์•„๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2018. 2. ๋ฐ•ํ˜œ์ค€.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1๊ฐ€๊ตฌ 1์ž๋…€ ์ •์ฑ… ํ•˜์˜ ์ฒซ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ธ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ(80ๅพŒ) ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ จ์˜ ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก์ด ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 1ใ€‘ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 2ใ€‘ ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก, ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๊ฐ€? ใ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 3ใ€‘ ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก์€ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ จ ์†Œ์žฌ ์œ ์น˜์›์˜ ๋งŒ 3, 4, 5์„ธ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ 182์Œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก ๋ฐ ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” IBM SPSS 22.0์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋นˆ๋„, ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ, ํ‰๊ท , ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ, t-test, ์ผ์›๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„, Pearson ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„, ์ค‘๋‹คํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(standard multiple regression)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์ž„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์••์  ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ชจ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ํ›ˆ์œก์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊ธ์ •์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ž„์€ ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ž„๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…์€ ์˜ค์ง ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ฐ•์••์  ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์—๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก์€ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ค๋ช…, ๊ฐ•์••์  ์ฒด๋ฒŒ, ๋ฐฉ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก์€ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ค‘ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ค๋ช…์—๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋… ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก์€ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด: ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ, ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ, ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก ํ•™๋ฒˆ: 2014-25201โ… . ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 1. ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํŠน์ง• 6 1) ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 6 2) ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 6 2. ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์œ ํ˜• 9 1) ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ฐœ๋… 9 2) ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹ ์œ ํ˜• 10 3. ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ 12 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ๋ณ€์ธ๊ณผ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 12 2) ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 13 3) ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…๊ณผ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 15 4) ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก๊ณผ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 16 5) ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก๊ณผ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 17 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 19 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 19 2. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 20 1) ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹ 20 2) ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋… 21 3) ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก 21 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 22 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 22 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ 25 1) ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹ 25 2) ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹ 26 3) ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋… 28 4) ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก 29 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ 30 1) ์˜ˆ๋น„์กฐ์‚ฌ 30 2) ๋ณธ์กฐ์‚ฌ 30 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„ 30 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 32 1. ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ 32 1) ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€, ์ž๋…€์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ž๋…€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 32 2) ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 36 3) ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 37 2. ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก, ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 38 1) ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก, ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 39 2) ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ชจ์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก, ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 40 3. ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก์ด ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 41 1) ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก์ด ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ถ€์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 42 2) ์›๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ชจ์˜ ์ฒด๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์–‘์œก์ด ๋ฐ”๋งํ—ˆ์šฐ ๋ชจ์˜ ํ›ˆ์œก๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 43 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 46 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 52 ๋ถ€๋ก 61 Abstract 84Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 8. ๊น€ํ˜.์–‘์ž๋ถˆ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‚™๊ด€์  ๊ทนํ•œ๋ฒ•์€ ์นด์ƒค์—๋ธŒ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ํ’€๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์‹ํ™” ํ•˜๊ธด ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Œ๊ณก ๋งค๋“ญ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ณต์‹์„ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Œ๊ณก๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š” ๋งค๋“ญ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฐ’์ด PSL(2,C)-ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์Œ๊ณก๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ถฉ๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค๋“ญ์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ํŒ”๋ฉด์ฒด ๋ถ„ํ• ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งค๋“ญ์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์—ฌ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์Œ๊ณก ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž ์žฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.Optimistic limit method of quantum invariants has been developed from an attempt to solve the Kashaev volume conjecture. Although it may seem to be hard to formulate in a rigorous way, this method produces explicit correct volume formulas of hyperbolic links, which are given by the critical values of the potential functions written directly from the link diagrams. In this dissertation, we study a sufficient condition to produce hyperbolic volumes of PSL(2,C))-representations as critical values of a certain type of functions and also define a volume potential function to obtain hyperbolic volume of the knotted graph complement considering generalized octahedral decomposition.Abstract Introduction 0 Preliminaries 0.1 Dilogarithm and hyperbolic volume 0.2 Gluing equation and PSL(2,C)-representations 1 Volume Potential function 6 1.1 Volume conjecture 1.2 Optimistic limits 1.3 Potential functions 1.3.1 Volume potential of dilogarithm type 1.3.2 Critical equations 1.3.3 Analytic continuation and compensated evaluation 2 Knotted graph complements 2.1 Hyperbolic structure for complements 2.2 Ideal triangulations 2.2.1 Dual graph decomposition for diagram 2.2.2 Combinatorial features: 1-cell 2.2.3 Combinatorial features: 3-cell 2.3 Edge parametrization 2.3.1 Corner parity system 3 Corner chain complex 3.1 Chain complexes from graphs 3.2 Corner homormorphisms 3.2.1 Corners and the incident maps 3.2.2 C,E, VF and homomorphisms 3.3 Corner sequences 3.3.1 CE- and CVF- chain complex 3.3.2 Medial and cubical graph 3.3.3 Corner sequences and induced graph 3.4 Z 2 -coefficient and corner parity systems 4 Volume potential function for knotted graph 4.1 Volume potential function for knotted graph 4.2 Example for tetrahedron graph Abstract (in Korean) Acknowledgement (in Korean)Docto

    Preparation and Characterization of Genetically Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates for Regenerative Medicine

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    ABSTRACT โˆ’ Combining cell- and gene-based therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy in regenerative medicine. The aim of this study was to develop genetically modified mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) aggregates using a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel micro-well array technique. Stable PEG hydrogel micro-well arrays with diameters of 200 to 500 ฮผm were fabricated and used to generate genetically engineered MSC aggregates. Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs were transfected with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid as a reporter gene, and aggregated by culturing in the PEG hydrogel micro-well arrays. The resultant cell aggregates had a mean diameter of less than 200 ฮผm, and maintained the mesenchymal phenotype even after genetic modification and cell aggregation. Transplantation of MSC aggregates that are genetically modified to express therapeutic or cell-survival genes may be a potential therapeutic approach for regenerative medicineope

    Cognitive Dysfunctions in Patients With Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Neuropsychological Test and Event-Related Potential Study

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    Background: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) show variety of dysfunctions in cognitions including general cognitive function, attention, and frontal lobe and executive function. However, there is no consensus on the main features of the cognitive dysfunction in OSAS patients. So we performed neuropsychological tests and event-related potential (ERP) studies in patients with severe OSAS to evaluate the cognitive dysfunctions and changes of auditory and visual P300. Methods: Twenty-eight men with severe OSAS (apnea hypopnea index (AHI)=63.1ยฑ}17.8/hr) and 16 age, sex, educationmatched normal controls (AHI=2.9ยฑ}1.8/hr) underwent neuropsychological tests and ERP studies. Results: Patients with severe OSAS showed deficits in corsi block forward and backward test during neuropsychological evaluation, and delayed latency and decreased amplitude of auditory P300. There were significant correlations between auditory P300 amplitudes and digit span forward or corsi block forward test scores, and between visual P300 amplitudes and digit symbol test scores. Conclusions: These findings suggest that severe OSAS patients may have deficits in attention and short-term memory, and abnormal auditory P300.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2008-01/102/2014017262/5SEQ:5PERF_CD:SNU2008-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:์˜ํ•™๊ณผSCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

    Basic study regarding low back pain among enlisted men in the army

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    ์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์š”ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์˜๋ฌด๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์› ์š”ํ†ต์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง„๊ฑด์ˆ˜(์œจ), ์ž…์›ํšŸ์ˆ˜, ์žฌ์›์ผ์ˆ˜, ์žฌ์ž…์›์œจ ๋ฐ ํ›„์†ก์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์š”ํ†ต๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์š”ํ†ต ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์˜๋ฌด๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์› ์š”ํ†ต์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž ์ˆ˜์ง„์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณ‘์› ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์€ SPSS/Win 10.0์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์š”ํ†ต๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ ์„ค๋ฌธ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ฯ‡ยฒ-๊ฒ€์ •๊ณผ t -๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์˜๋ฌด๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์š”ํ†ต์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์€ ์ผ๋ณ‘์ด 35.9%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ฃผํŠน๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ณ‘ 63.0%, ์ˆ˜์†ก 8.9%, ํฌ๋ณ‘ 6.4% ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž1์ธ๋‹น ์ž…์›ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1.21ํšŒ, ์ž…์›๊ฑด๋‹น ์žฌ์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” 12.71์ผ, ํ™˜์ž1์ธ๋‹น ์žฌ์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” 14.36์ผ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜์ž1์ธ๋‹น ์žฌ์ž…์›์œจ์€ 12.9%, ์ž…์›๊ฑด๋‹น ํ›„์†ก์œจ์€ 28.8%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ž…์›๊ฑด๋‹น ๋ณ‘๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒํƒˆ์ถœ์ฆ์ด 57.3%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์› ์š”ํ†ต์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์€ ์ผ๋ณ‘์ด 39.7%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ฃผํŠน๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ณ‘ 39.9%, ์ˆ˜์†ก 14.0%, ํฌ๋ณ‘ 9.4% ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž1์ธ๋‹น ์ž…์›ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1.59ํšŒ, ์ž…์›๊ฑด๋‹น ์žฌ์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” 47.90์ผ, ํ™˜์ž1์ธ๋‹น ์žฌ์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” 70.35์ผ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜์ž1์ธ๋‹น ์žฌ์ž…์›์œจ์€ 8.5%, ์ž…์›๊ฑด๋‹น ํ›„์†ก์œจ์€ 34.4%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ž…์›๊ฑด๋‹น ๋ณ‘๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒํƒˆ์ถœ์ฆ์ด 45.0%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์š”ํ†ตํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํ›„์†ก์œจ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ „์—ญ๋„ ํ™˜์ž1์ธ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 33.0%, ์ž…์›๊ฑด๋‹น์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 20.8%๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์˜๋ฌด๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์› ์š”ํ†ต์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์š”ํ†ตํ™˜์ž ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์ง„๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 19,896๊ฑด(95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ : 17,959โˆผ22,180๊ฑด)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์› ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ•œ ์š”ํ†ต๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ์š”ํ†ตํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์€ ์ƒ๋ณ‘ 43.7%, ์ผ๋ณ‘ 37.6%์—์„œ ์š”ํ†ต ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ตฐ ์ƒํ™œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์งง์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์š”ํ†ต๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํก์—ฐ๋ ฅ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํก์—ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์š”ํ†ต๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ตฐ ์ž…๋Œ€์ „ ์š”ํ†ต์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž(15.6%)๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ ์ž…๋Œ€ํ›„ ์š”ํ†ต์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜(12.1%)์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ‘๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒํƒˆ์ถœ์ฆ(50.0%)์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ตฐ ์ž…๋Œ€ ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์š”ํ†ต์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜(29.0%)์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์š”์ถ”๋ถ€์—ผ์ขŒ(43.4%)๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๊ตฐ ์ž…๋Œ€ ์ „ ์š”ํ†ต์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ ์ž…๋Œ€ ํ›„ ์š”ํ†ต์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋ณ‘๋ฅ˜๋„ ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒํƒˆ์ถœ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹ ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์‹œ ์š”ํ†ต ์œ ๋ณ‘์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋Œ€๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์„œ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์ „ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ์ฒ˜ํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ ์ž…๋Œ€ ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์š”ํ†ต์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์š”์ถ”๋ถ€์—ผ์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์š”ํ†ต์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์š”ํ†ตํ™˜์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์˜๋ฌด๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์› ์š”ํ†ตํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ๋ณ‘์œจ, ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ, ์š”ํ†ต๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฉด์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ์„œ ์š”ํ†ต์›์ธ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์š”ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์š”ํ†ตํ™˜์ž ์œ ๋ณ‘์œจ, ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ, ์š”ํ†ต๋ฐœ์ƒ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of back pain among enlisted men in the army. As a way of doing this, we looked at the various rates of treatment, hospitalization, rehospitalization and evacuation to speculate possible causes related with back pain, and to utilize these data for the basis of preventive measures against back pain. Data were collected from survey conducted among back pain patients from division as well as from all of military hospitals. Data were analyzed by SPSS/Win 10.0, and ฯ‡2 and t-test were used for statistical purpose. The results are as follows. First, results indicate that there were general trends that privates were in higher proportion than any other ranks in company, comprising 35.9% of total, respectively. Majority of soldiers were from infantry, transportation and artillery in the decreasing order, 63.0%, 8.9% and 6.4%, respectively. The average number of hospitalization was 1.21. The average period of hospitalization was 12.71days per case, and 14.36days per patients. The average rates of rehospitalization was 12.9% per patients, and evacuation rates per case were 28.8%. Major cases(57.3%) were due to Lumbar and other intervertebral disc disorders with radiculopathy. Second, it has been shown that the proportion of back pain patients from military hospital was the most prevalent in privates(39.7%), and as far as specialty was concerned, it was in the order of infantry(39.9%), transportation(14.0%), artillery(9.4%). The average number of hospitalization per patients was 1.59, and that of rehospitalization per case was 47.90days, 70.35days per patients. The average rates of rehospitalization were 8.5% per patients, and that of evacuation was 34.4%. Major cases(45.0%) were due to Lumbar and other intervertebral disc disorders with radiculopathy. These data suggest that back patients show high rates of evacuation, and discharge rates were 33.0% per patients and 20.8% per case. Third, data based on the study from division and hospital show that annual number of treatments among army soldiers were 19,896(95% confidence interval : 17,959 โˆผ 22,180) Fourth, data concerning the factors among back pain patients are as follows. Smoking was shown to affect the occurrence of back pain, and body weight showed adverse effects on the back pain. Service period was also shown to affect the occurrence of back pain in that the shorter the service period, the more frequent occurrence of back pain. People who had previous experience of back pain(15.6%) were hospitalized more often than the others. Most of them(50.0%) suffered from Lumbar and other intervertebral disc disorders with radiculopathy and those(29.0%) without previous experience suffered from sprain and strain of lumbar spine(43.4%). People who hospitalized in the military were treated more often since they were easily able to access to medical treatments. Above results indicate that back pain patients showed high incidence of evacuation and rehospitalization. Those who had suffered back pain previously developed back pain more often indicating that there needs to be thorough physical examination before they join the army. There were high incidence of Sprain and strain of lumbar spine among people who had no previous back pain experience. This problem can be solved by selecting people with higher risk of back pain and assigning them to appropriate units. In addition, there should be educational efforts to reduce the occurrence of back pain. Even if this study was not able to provide data related with the rates of prevalence and occurrence, and not to identify the relations between factors affecting back pain, I believe that this study should be meaningful in that it provides data about back pain patients in the military. In conclusion, there should be a systematic research to find out the rates of prevalence, occurrence and possible candidates for the causes of back pain.ope
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