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    ๋†๊ฐ€์˜ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ์•ˆ๋™ํ™˜.๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ , ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žฌํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Œ€ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์— ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋Š” ๋†๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2012๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐญ๋†์—… ์ง๋ถˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐญ ์ž‘๋ชฉ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , 2017 ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ ์Œ€ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ • ๋ณด์™„๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๊ฐ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐญ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๋†๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ์ž‘๋ชฉ์ „ํ™˜์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋†์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ์ •์ฑ…์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๋†๊ฐ€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†๊ฐ€ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์ด ์‹œ๋„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋†์™ธ์†Œ๋“ ์ œ๊ณ ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋†๊ฐ€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ž‘๋ชฉ์„ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ์†Œ๋“์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ๋“์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‹นํ•ด๋…„๋„์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž‘๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 2016๋…„ใ€Œ๋†์—…๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด๋“ฑ๋ก์ •๋ณดใ€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 213๊ฐœ ์ž‘๋ชฉ, 229๊ฐœ ์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 1,380,785๊ฐœ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด์˜ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ—ˆ์‰ฌ๋งŒ-ํ—ˆํ•€๋‹ฌ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๋†๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์ถ”์ •๋œ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ๋น— ๋ชจํ˜•(Tobit regression)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฃผํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์š”์•ฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด(๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0.0 ์ด์ƒ 0.2 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ)๋Š” 38,029๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด์˜ 2.8%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค ๋†๊ฐ€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž‘๋ชฉ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 8.9๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด(๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0.8 ์ด์ƒ 1.0 ์ดํ•˜)๋Š” 478,038๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด์˜ 34.5%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‰๊ท  ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž‘๋ชฉ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1.5๊ฐœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๋†ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฒผ ๋†๊ฐ€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” 0.77๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋†ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ฑ„์†Œ๋†๊ฐ€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” 0.46์œผ๋กœ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋œ ์˜๋†ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ์™€ ๊ฐ•์›๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.54, 0.55๋กœ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์ฃผ(0.77)์™€ ์„ธ์ข…(0.71), ์ถฉ๋‚จ(0.69), ๊ด‘์ฃผ(0.67), ์ „๋ถ(0.67)์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ฐญ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋น„์ค‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ‰์•ผ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์Œ€์„ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž‘๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ „๋ฌธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฃผ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ† ๋น—๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ง€์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋†์—…์ข…์‚ฌํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ „์—…๋†์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฃผ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋†์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์› ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์•ž์„œ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ์˜๋†ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜๋†ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒผ ๋†๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์ด 1.0ใŠ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ๋†๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž„์ฐจ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, 1.0ใŠ ์ด์ƒ ๋†๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž„์ฐจ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ „๋ฌธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐญ ์ž‘๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ๋†์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กฐ์ •์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋†๊ฐ€ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด์˜ ์ „๋…„๋„ ์†Œ๋“ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ˜น์€ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ ์ด ์ง€์ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํŠน์ง•์ธ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ž‘๋ถ€์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  3 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 6 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋†๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž‘๋ชฉ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 8 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž‘๋ชฉ์ˆ˜๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ 8 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž‘๋ชฉ ๋ถ„ํฌ 14 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž‘๋ชฉ ๋ถ„ํฌ 17 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 20 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 20 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 26 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 30 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ—ˆ์‰ฌ๋งŒ-ํ—ˆํ•€๋‹ฌ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 30 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 37 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  44 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 46 Abstract 49Maste

    Medial Subluxation or Dislocation of the Biceps on Magnetic Resonance Arthrography Is Reliably Correlated with Concurrent Subscapularis Full-Thickness Tears Confirmed Arthroscopically

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    Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between biceps medial subluxation/dislocation on the magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) imaging and subscapularis full-thickness tear confirmed arthroscopically. We hypothesized that presence of a biceps medial subluxation or dislocation would strongly indicate a subscapularis full-thickness tear. Methods: A total of 432 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic repair for rotator cuff tears with/without subscapularis tears at our institute were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criterion of this study was preoperative MRA images taken within 6 months of arthroscopic repair. The presence of medial subluxation/dislocation was evaluated on the preoperative MRA images, and subscapularis tear was confirmed on arthroscopic examination. Results: Biceps subluxation/dislocation was identified in 46 of the 432 patients on MRA. Forty-five of these 46 patients also had a subscapularis full-thickness tear identified in arthroscopic examination. Among the 386 patients who did not have biceps subluxation or dislocation, 54 patients had a subscapularis full-thickness tear diagnosed arthroscopically. The presence of a biceps subluxation/dislocation could predict a subscapularis full-thickness tear with sensitivity of 45% (45/99), specificity of 99% (332/333), positive predictive value of 98% (45/46), negative predictive value of 86% (332/386), and accuracy of 87% (377(45 +332)/432). Conclusion: Medial subluxation/dislocation of the biceps on MRA images was highly associated with a concurrent subscapularis full-thickness tear which was confirmed arthroscopically. This association had 99% specificity and 98% positive predictive value. Therefore, if a biceps subluxation/dislocation is identified on MRA images, there is a high chance that a concurrent subscapularis full-thickness tear exists.ope

    Reconnaissance de l'alterite des Francais par rapport aux Algeriens immigres - A travers le Havre de 1917 a 192

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    Nous avons pour objectif de montrer comment se developpe la reconnaissance de l'alterite des Francais par rapport aux Algeriens immigres au Havre autour de la Premiere Guerre mondiale, notamment de 1917 a1920. Nous posons une hypothese sur laquelle cette reconnaissance commence deja a setablir a partir de la colonisation de l'Algerie par la France. Elle s'explique par la politique coloniale qui exclue les Algeriens en leur attribuant le statut d'indigene. Ceci implique bien que le statut legal les oblige a accepter des situations discriminatives et inegales. On voit la qu'ils sont consideres comme 'eux', mais pas comme 'nous'. Une telle reconnaissance s'applique de la meme facon aux Algeriens immigrants au Havre avant et apres la periode de Premiere Guerre mondiale. Les Algeriens immigres s'emploient souvent comme travailleurs coloniaux et deviennent victimes de discriminations economique, culturelle et sociale. On peut en illustrer par quelques politiques telles que zone de residences limitee, de metier difficile et niveau de bas salaires, etc. Cette situation discriminative se manifeste par l'emeute Berthelot eclatee entre Havrais et Maghrebins. Et cette manifestation appelle la remise en cause de la reconnaissance de l'alteritedes Algeriens, qui se distinguent toujours par rapport aux autres Maghrebins.์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์‹๋ฏผ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ€์ž์ธ์‹ 5 1.1. ์‹๋ฏผ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 5 1.2. ํ† ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ œ๋„์  ์ง€์œ„ 11 1.2.1. ํ”ผ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋ ™ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™” 11 1.2.2. ๋ฅด์•„๋ธŒ๋ฅด ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„ 14 2. ๋ฅด์•„๋ธŒ๋ฅด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์„ค์ • 18 2.1. 1์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฅด์•„๋ธŒ๋ฅด์˜ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์œ ์ž… ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 18 2.2. ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์œ„ 22 2.2.1. ์ถœ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ง์—… 22 2.2.2. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ์ž„๊ธˆ 24 2.2.3. ๊ทœ์ œ์™€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ 26 2.3. ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธํ˜์˜ค์ฆ 29 3. ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ€์ž์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” 33 3.1. ๋ฅด์•„๋ธŒ๋ฅด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ-๋งˆ๊ทธ๋ ™ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ‘œ์ถœ: ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ‹€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 33 3.2. ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ธ๊ฐ€ 35 3.3. ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํƒ€์ž์™€ ๋จผ ํƒ€์ž 39 ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  4

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