70 research outputs found

    (+)-scanlonenyne์˜ ์ „ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ absolute configuration์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ,2006.Maste

    ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐ€์Šค ํ„ฐ๋นˆ ๋‹ค๋‹จ ์—ฐ์†Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™”์—ผ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,1997.Maste

    ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ ์œ ๋„ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ์ถœํ˜ˆ ์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ œ๋Œ€ํ˜ˆ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2014. 8. ๋ฐฑ์„ ํ•˜.Purpose: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the devastating types of stroke and has a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) have potential to help the brain damage recovered following ICH. The purpose of this study is to identify beneficial effects of the transplantation of hUCB-MSCs in the ICH rat model and investigate whether hUCB-MSCs may have the ani-inflammatory properties by neurotrophic factors or cytokines for ICH brain. Material & Method: hUCB-MSCs were transplanted in collagenase induced ICH rat model. At 2, 9, 16, 30 days after ICH, rotarod test and limb placement test were performed to measure behavioral outcomes. ICH rats were sacrificed to evaluate volume of lesion using H&E staining. Neurogenesis, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis in the brain tissue of the rats was examined by immunofluorescence staining at 4 weeks after transplantation. Anti-inflammatory factors [TNF-๏ก, COX-2, microglia and neutrophil were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining, RT-PCR and Western blot at 3 days after transplantation. Results: hUCB-MSCs transplantation after ICH was associated with the effect of neurological benefits and reducing volume of lesion. hUBC-MSCs treated group revealed high level of neurogenesis, angiogenesis and anti-apoptosis at 4 weeks after transplantation. The expression of inflammatory factors were decreased in rats of hUCB-MSCs treated group compared with rats of control group. Conclusion: Our study suggests that hUCB-MSCs may improve neurological outcome and modulate inflammation-associated immune cells and cytokines in ICH-induced inflammatory responses.Abstract i Contents iii List of figures v List of table vii List of abbreviation viii โ… . Introduction 1 โ…ก. Materials and Methods 3 1. Preparation of hUCB-MSCs 3 2. Animal procedures 3 3. Collagenase induced ICH model 4 4. Transplantation of hUCB-MSCs 4 5. Behavioral test 5 6. Histological examination 7 7. Immunofluorescence staining 7 8. RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) 9 9. Western blot analysis 10 10. Statistical analysis 11 โ…ข. Results 15 1. Volume of lesion in transplanted hUCB-MSCs 15 2. Neurological function in transplanted hUCB-MSCs 17 3. Endogenous neurogenesis in transplanted hUCB-MSCs 19 4. Angiogenesis in transplanted hUCB-MSCs 21 5. Anti-apoptosis in transplanted hUCB-MSCs 23 6. Anti-inflammation in transplanted hUCB-MSCs 25 7. mRNA and protein expression of the inflammatory factors in transplanted hUCB-MSCs 33 โ…ฃ. Discussion 36 โ…ค. References 42 Abstract (Korean) 48Maste

    Study on Advanced Hole Transport Layer in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells

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    Doctor์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ, ํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ ์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ (์ดํ•˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ) ๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘ํก์ˆ˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๋†’์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๋„, ๋†’์€ ์œ ์ „ ์ƒ์ˆ˜, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ค€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋“ฑ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘์ „๊ธฐ์ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด‘์ „์ž์†Œ์ž๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 2009๋…„ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ž์นด ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ CH3NH3PbI3์™€ CH3NH3PbBr3์˜ ๋‘ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•ก์ฒด์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์— ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜ 3.8%์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ, ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2011๋…„ ๋ฐ•๋‚จ๊ทœ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 6.5%์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ก์ฒด ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์ด ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•ด ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ๋ฐ•๋‚จ๊ทœ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด spiro-OMeTAD๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ •๊ณต ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ 9.7%์˜ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ›„ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 2018๋…„ ์ธ์ฆํšจ์œจ ์ตœ๊ณ  23.3%๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ก€์—†๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„  ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธต์€ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์ธต์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋„์ž…์ด ์„ ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์€ ์ •๊ณต์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ง€์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์ธต์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์ธ spiro-OMeTAD๋Š” ์ •๊ณต ์ด๋™๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ํก์Šต์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๊ณ , Ph. D. ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ •๊ณต ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Chapter 1 ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ฌ๋„์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œ ๋ฌด๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Chapter 2 ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์„ž์ธ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ๋„ํฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์ธต๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์ธต๊ณผ ๋จผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•œ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๊ณต ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ธ P3HT์™€ spiro-OMeTAD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. P3HT์™€ spiro-OMeTAD๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์„ž์ธ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ spiro-OMeTAD๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ •๊ณต์ด๋™๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ตœ๊ณ  18.9%์˜ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์Šต๋„ 30 % ์—์„œ 60 ์ผ๋™์•ˆ 80 % ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. Chapter 3 ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์— ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์ค‘์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ธ WO3๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋„์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ €๋ถ„์ž๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ spiro-OMeTAD ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋Š” ์ปจ์…‰์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ธต์€ ๊ธฐ์กด spiro-OMeTAD ๋งŒ ์“ฐ์ธ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ •๊ณต ์ด๋™๋„ ๋ฐ ์ •๊ณต ์ถ”์ถœ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ WO3๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ spiro-OMeTAD์ธต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์ค˜์„œ, ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•€ํ™€์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์คฌ๋‹ค. Spiro-OMeTAD ์ธต์€ ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ธต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ WO3 ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์›์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ 21.44%์˜ ์ดˆ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„, ์—ด ๋“ฑ์— ๋†’์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Chapter 4 ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์˜ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ทœ ๋„๋„ˆ-์–ต์…‰ํ„ฐ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„๋„ˆ ๋ฐ ์–ต์…‰ํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ค€์œ„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ„์ž๋‚ด์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์„ ๊นจ์„œ ์šฉํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž TTB-TTQ ๋Š” 14.1 % ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” LiTFSI ์™€ tBP ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํšจ์œจ๋กœ์จ, TTB-TTQ ๋Š” ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐง์ค„ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๊ณต์˜ ์ถ”์ถœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์คฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. Chapter 5 ์—์„œ๋Š” Chapter 4 ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์ด๋™๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RCP ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ํ‰๋ฉด์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์„œ face-on ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์—†์ด๋„ ๋†’์€ ์ •๊ณต ์ด๋™๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์—†์ด ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ •๊ณต ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 17.3 % ์˜ ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํก์Šต์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , RCP ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์€ ์Šต๋„์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์•ˆ์ •ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ 75 % ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์Šต๋„์—์„œ๋„ 1400 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํšจ์œจ์˜ 90 % ์ด์ƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. Chapter 6 ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ PTEG ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PTEG ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๋†’์€ ์ด๋™๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜, ์šฉํ•ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ ์šฉ์ด ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์ธ POR ์˜ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ TEG ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฉํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. TEG ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์šฉ๋งค๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ ธ ์šฉํ•ด๋„๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •๊ณต ์ด๋™๋„ ๋ฐ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์™€์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. PTEG ๋Š” SnO2 ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ TiO2 ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์—์„œ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ 19.8%์™€ 18.6%์˜ ์ดˆ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ •๊ณต ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ •๊ณต์ „๋‹ฌ์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Recently, perovskite has paid attention due to its superior optoelectronic properties such as excellent light harvesting ability, high carge carrier mobility, tunable energy levels, high dielectric constant, and ambipolar character. Since T. Miyasaka et al. reported the application of perovskites (MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3) to liquid type solar cells (3.8% in 2009), unprecedented development of PSCs have been accompanied by the introduction of solid state HTM, spiro-OMeTAD. It exhibited much higher efficiency of 9.7% and improved the stability due to removal of the degradation of perovskite caused by liquid electrolyte. With the fabrication of high-quality perovskite film, the certified efficiency of PSCs has reached 23.3%, which is closer to Shockley-Queisser limit. Surely, most important layer is perovskite layer in PSCs. However, sole development of perovskite layer cannot lead to state-of-the-art PSCs. In fact, the mobility of charge transport layer cannot catch up with that of perovskite layer, inducing charge accumulation and charge transport imbalance phenomena. Accordingly, the charge transport ability of each charge transport layer should satisfy that of perovskite layer to achieve the highest efficiency. In addition, in the conventional PSCs (n-i-p), HTL plays another role in preventing perovskite layer from external factors, detrimental to perovskite layer such as moisture and oxygen. In other words, there are some requirements for the HTL, for example such as solubility, hole transport, recombination prevention, stability, and reproducibility. Although conventional HTMs owned good properties such as a rigid sturcutre, high Tg, high solubitliy, and strong electron donor property, those HTL systems cannot satisfy above requirements. Most generally employed one, spiro-OMeTAD, always needs dopants such as LiTFSI and tBP to improve the mobility because it has low hole mobility in its prisitine form. It has been already reported that LiTFSI and tBP can accelerate the degradation of perovskite layer, which is crucially harmful to device performance. The use of dopants can induce the serious problems in stability and reproducibility, both. In this term, the advanced HTL, which can compensate existing problems, should be developed and substituted for conventional HTL system. I approached in two ways to develop the advanced HTL; multi-material complexes using conventional HTMs and novel polymeric HTMs. Chapters 2 and 3 treate multi-material complexes using conventional HTMs. In Chapter 2, I demonstrate a simple and facile way to improve the efficiency and moisture stability of PSCs using commercially available HTMs, spiro-OMeTAD and P3HT. The HTL composed of mixed spiro-OMeTAD and P3HT exhibited favorable vertical phase separation depending on each of surface energies. Vertical sepearation meant that the hydrophobic P3HT was more distributed near the surface (the air atmosphere), whereas the hydrophilic spiro-OMeTAD was more distributed near the perovskite layer. This vertical separation brought about the improved moisture stability by effectively blocking moisture in air. At the same time, the optimized ratio of mixed HTMs yielded 18.9% of efficiency in SnO2 planar structure. In Chapter 3, I demonstrated a solution-processalbe inorganic-organic double layer based on WO3 and spiro-OMeTAD as an HTL in PSCs. The WO3/spiro-OMeTAD layer exhibited better hole extraction ability and faster hole mobility. The WO3 layer particularly improved the VOC by lowering the quasi-Fermi energy level for holes and reducing charge recombination. In addition, the WO3 layer as a scaffold layer promoted the formation of a uniform and pinhole-free spiro-OMeTAD overlayer in the WO3/spiro-OMeTAD layer, which was expected to largely contribute to the stability. Finally, the device equipped with a WO3/spiro-OMeTAD layer achieves the highest efficiency (21.44%) with high stability and reproducibility. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 treat novel polymeric HTMs. The synthesis of those materials was conducted by other coworkers who majored in the synthesis of polymers. In Chapter 4, I suggested a strategy for developing a novel D-ฯ€-A conducting polymeric HTM (TTB-TTQ) based on thiophene, BT and quinoxaline as an alternative to spiroโ€MeOTAD. By controlling the strength of D and A moieties in polymer backbone, energy levels could be easily tuned. In addition, moderate solubilty was obtained by breaking the symmetry in molecules with random copolymer form. Based on the strategy, doped TTB-TTQ device in Al2O3 meso-superstructured device exhibited 14.1% of efficiency, which is 22.6% higher than doped spiro-OMeTAD device. LiTFSI and tBP doping in TTB-TTQ resulted in a rough film surface with a fibril-like structure and the structure might improve the charge transport in TTB-TTQ. In Chapter 5, I reported a dopant-free polymeric HTM that is based on BDT and BT moieties, which resulted in highly efficient and stable PSCs. The synthesized polymer, RCP, was developed based on the strategy in Chapter 4. RCP exhibited high hole mobility (~103 cm2V-1s-1) in its pristine form thanks to its face-on orientation favorable for the vertical charge transport in PSCs. In addition, its deep HOMO energy level made PSC achieve high VOC value (1.08 V). Those properties contribute to achieving 17.3 % of efficiency in SnO2 planar structure. RCP devices exhibited high stability because it did not contain any harmful dopants and formed hydrophobic layer on the perovskite layer. RCP device maintained its initial efficiency for 1400 hours at 75 %RH, whereas devices made of HTMs with dopants failed after 900 hours. In Chapter 6, PTEG was introduced to SnO2 planar- and TiO2 meso-structure PSCs, achiving 19.8 and 18.6 %, respectively. By changing the composition of perovskite to mixed perovskite with deep valence band energy level (-5.52 eV), HTMs with deeper HOMO energy level could be employed. In addition, the introduction of tetraethylene glycol group increased the solubility of the planar HTM, PTEG. Consequently, highly soluble PTEG which had deep HOMO energy level (-5.40 eV) and high hole mobility (1.64ร—10-3 cm2V-1s-1) yielded the highest efficiency in PSCs
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