Numerical study on tides,currents and shoals wetting and drying in Quanzhou Bay

本文建立了一种适应POM模型特点的干湿点数值处理方法,将其镶嵌于二维POM模型中用以模拟泉州湾的潮汐潮流,两个站点上的模拟结果与实测数据吻合较好。计算结果还显示:泉州湾的潮汐潮流均以半日潮为主;除在湾口中部呈现出较强的旋转流外,湾内大部海域以往复流为主;另外,计算得到的泉州湾内平均潮差约为4m,如此大的潮差是导致湾内浅滩和暗礁在落潮时干出、涨潮时重新被漫过的根本原因。A wetting and drying scheme fit to POM is designed and incorporated into the two dimensional model to simulate tides and tidal currents,and the modeled results agree well with the data observed on two moored ship stations.Our modeled results also show that the semi-diurnal tides and currents are dominant in Quanzhou Bay;except in the center of open boundary of the researched area where rotary currents are marked,most sea areas are characterized by rectilinear to-and-fro current;besides,the large tidal range with a mean value of 4 m is responsible for the alternate wetting and drying of shoals and submerged rocks during the flood and ebb,respectively

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

Model study on Bohai ecosystem Ⅰ.Model description and primary productivity

建立了一个NPZD类型的生物化学模型,并将其与原始方程海流模型(POM)、太阳辐射模型和河流输入模型耦合再现渤海的生态动力过程.模拟的初级生产力与实测值吻合较好;此外,该文还首次全方位地检验了渤海f-ratio的特征,通过与莱州湾的实测值比较,模拟结果也显示了相当的准确度.另外,该文在分析f-ratio变化特征的基础上还揭示硝酸盐和铵盐对渤海浮游植物生长的相对贡献率.A NPZD type of ecological model is established to reflect the biochemical process,and further coupled to a primitive equation ocean model,an irradiation model as well as a river discharge model to reproduce ecosystem dynamics in the Bohai Sea.Modeled primary production shows reasonable consistency with observations quantitatively and qualitatively;in addition,f-ratio is examined in detail in the first time,which is also within the range reported in other studies and reveals some meaningful insight into the relative contributions of ammonium and nitrate to the growth of phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea.国家自然科学基金重点项目(50339040);; 国家基础研究项目(2005CB422301

A REAL-TIME IRRADIATION MODEL

拓展了Smith等(1984)关于海面辐照度的数值算法,给出了一个可实时计算海面和海水中太阳辐射强度的模型,通过计算1998年9月24日—10月7日以及1999年4月28日—5月11日渤海表面太阳辐射量(两个时间段内的辐照总量误差分别为0.27%和6.67%),显示出该模型与实测结果良好的适应性。另外,模型还揭示在不考虑其它限制因素的前提下,当浮游植物生物量处于较小的状态时,海水中的太阳辐射能促进浮游植物的快速生长,但是当浮游植物的生物量增大到一定程度时,由于对太阳辐射的遮蔽作用增强,浮游植物的生长明显受到抑制。The authors modified the numerical method of Smith et al(1984) to calculate the irradiation on the sea surface and in the interior of seawaters,and presented a real-time irradiation model.Application of this model in the Bohai Sea surface from September 24 to October 7,1998 and from April 28 to May 11 1999 showed a good agreement to the observation data; the bias between calculated and measured irradiation energies are 0.27% and 6.67% for the two periods,respectively.When the phytoplankton biomass is small,light irritation could promote algae growth quickly if other influencing factor are ignored; however,the increase in the phytoplankton biomass would shield the light from entering deep water,resulting in light attenuation and algae growth holdback.国家重点基金项目,50339040号;; 国家重点基础研究发展计划973项目,2005CB422301号

Model study on Bohai ecosystem Ⅱ. Annual cycle of nutrient-phytoplankton dynamics

利用在本系列研究第一部分中所建立的耦合的生物物理模型,模拟了渤海浮游植物生物量和营养盐含量的年度循环特征.模拟结果显示:藻类的春季水华是由经过一冬积累在水体中的营养盐导致,而水华开始的时间在浅水区明显早于深水区,对此深水区水体层化结构的形成可能起着重要作用;另一方面,河载营养盐与悬起的沉积物所释放的营养盐是诱发夏季水华的共同原因.基于模型结果,我们还发现:渤海的浮游植物动力特性就整体而言依然受无机氮限制,但是在莱州湾,磷限制特性表现得非常明显,这主要是由于每年黄河都要携带大量的无机氮进入海水,从而导致莱州湾营养盐的氮磷比已远远超过16.Using the coupled bio-physical model described in the first paper of this series of studies,the annual variations of algae biomass and nutrient concentration in Bohai Sea were simulated.Modeled results show that the onset of spring bloom is induced by high nutrient stocks stored in the winter, though the initial time is earlier in shallow waters than in deep waters,for which the evolution of the vertical stratification in deep waters plays the important role;on the other hand,newly added river-borne nutrients and resuspending sediment-borne nutrients are responsible for the outburst of autumn blooms.Based on modeled results,it is also found that the BS ecosystem,as a whole,is limited by nitrogen all the year round,though the phosphorus limitation is apparent in Laizhou Bay where the N/P ratio is higher than 16 due to the contribution of newly added nutrient species from Huanghe River discharges.国家自然科学基金项目(50339040);; 国家基础研究项目(2005CB422301);; 中国博士后科学基金(20060400737