Reforma javnih službi u Srbiji

During the 1980s, the public sector in many democratic countries in the world was reformed (transformation from the welfare to entrepreneurial state). Three main models have been developed: American, Westminster and Scandinavian model. Each of them has a specific scope of intervention, the manner of implementation, and various results in different countries. The reform of local public sector is especially interesting and indicative part of these processes. The article analyzes these processes in Serbia as a transitional and one of the former Yugoslav countries. The analysis is focused on all the challenges, problems and the roots of the resistance towards and the boundaries of this important reform, which demands democratization as well as modernization and upgrading the quality of management in the whole system. The study has shown that general political and economic environment, political climate, democratic values and citizens` participation are important factors of (poor) public (and especially local) service sector reform. The base for this study is a number of studies on different reform aspects, and extensive empirical research, such as the Research on Capacities of Local Government in Serbia, 2009, and the Research on Local Public Enterprises in Belgrade, 2009. The final part of the article is a case study on public enterprises in Belgrade. It is especially indicative because Belgrade is a metropolitan region and the capital of Serbia with two million inhabitants. It also has good economic, political, educational, and managerial potentials and should be the forerunner in the public sector reform. The case study shows poor quality of reform in this filed, analyzing all the important reform aspects, such as general legal and economic environment, organizational and managerial capacities of public enterprises, the way of functioning (professional vs. political criteria), the method of public service provision, focusing on citizens’ needs, and the quality of public services.Tijekom 1980-ih, mnoge su demokratske zemlje reformirale svoj javni sektor (promjena iz države blagostanja u poduzetničku državu). Razvijena su tri modela – američki, westminsterski i skandinavski model. Svaki od njih ima određeni raspon intervencije, način primjene te različite rezultate u različitim zemljama. Reforma lokalnog javnog sektora posebno je zanimljiv i karakterističan dio tih procesa. Rad analizira spomenute procese u Srbiji, kao zemlji u tranziciji i jednoj od zemalja nastaloj raspadom bivše Jugoslavije. Analiza je usredotočena na sve izazove reforme, probleme, te posebno na korijene otpora prema njoj, kao i na njene granice. Reforma zahtjeva demokratizaciju, modernizaciju i podizanje kvalitete upravljanja u cijelom sustavu. Studija je pokazala da su politički i gospodarski okoliš, politička klima, demokratske vrijednosti i (ne)sudjelovanje građana u odlučivanju važni čimbenici (loše) reforme javnih (a pogotovo lokalnih) službi. Temelj ove studije su brojne prijašnje studije o različitim vidovima upravnih reformi, kao i opsežna empirijska istraživanja, primjerice Istraživanje kapaciteta lokalne vlasti u Srbiji 2009. i Istraživanje lokalnih javnih poduzeća u Beogradu, 2009. Završni dio rada je studija slučaja koja se bavi javnim poduzećima u Beogradu. Ona je posebno važna jer je Beograd metropolitansko područje i glavni grad Srbije s dva milijuna stanovnika. Ima dobre gospodarske, političke, obrazovne i upravljačke potencijale te bi trebao biti predvodnik reforme javnog sektora. Studija je pokazala lošu kvalitetu reforme javnih službi analizirajući sve bitne vidove reforme, kao što su opće pravno i gospodarsko okruženje, organizacijski i upravljački kapaciteti javnih poduzeća, način funkcioniranja (profesionalni kriteriji nasuprot političkima), način pružanja javnih usluga, usredotočenost na potrebe građana i kvaliteta javnih službi

Local Government Capacities for the Integration of Migrants: Good European Experiences and Practices

This paper attempts to explain the role of local governments (cities, regions) in the implementation of immigration policy in Europe, focusing on various waves and types of immigration, state policies, and the capacities of local government to help with immigrant integration since the 1960s. Several case studies of cities with good integration practices will be presented, with particular emphasis on four main aspects: national regulation, policy regimes, role of local institutions, and results achieved. The paper focuses on experiences and good practices which could inspire other societies to develop successful policies and facilitate better use of diverse policy instruments in procuring various services for migrants, including shelters, language learning, job training, education for children, employment, inclusion in decision-making processes, and the like. The main research methods that have been used are description and analysis of national conditions, problems, challenges, various integration experiences, good practices, and results, as well as comparison and case studies for in-depth analysis

Vođenje urbane politike u pravcu razvoja i blagostanja građana - lekcije iz skandinavije

This article analyses the way of managing urban policy in Scandinavian countries, as an example for Serbia. By analyzing urban policy as complex activity, because it demands contextual approach, democratic governmental capacities, good management with capacities to tail services according to the needs of citizens in their community, we could understand cities as stimulators of development and creators of welfare. This analysis tries to identify how Serbia, as transitional country can learn lessons from Scandinavian countries, to modernize management, democratize political system (decentralization and strengthening local government capacities), as well as to decrease corruption and misuses in public affairs. In methodological sense this article includes analysis of the system, the way of creation and steering urban policy in Scandinavian countries with affirmation of knowledge (evidence based public policy) and professionalism. Case study of Copenhagen city and experiences from other cities from this region, will procure in view of potential benefits of such an approach. On this basis comparison is made with similar processes in Serbia, which give us possibility to identify necessary corrections in our system. Some of the results of this paper are better knowledge of Serbian system weaknesses (especially in way of managing cities), loss of benefits which democratic and decentralized society enables, modern management, creation of policies on evidence, and creative searching for solution. One can conclude that reform changes, which turn out to be impossible for implementation in our society, do not demand great material investments, but demand the changing of values, priorities and model of behavior.Ovaj članak analizira načina vođenja urbane politike u skandinavskim zemljama kao uzor za Srbiju. Analizom urbane politike kao kompleksne, jer zahteva kontekstualni pristup, demokratske kapacitete vlasti, kvalitetan menadžment uz kreiranje usluga prema potrebama konkretnih građana u datoj sredini -moći ćemo da sagledamo gradove kao pokretače razvoja i kreatore blagostanja. Ova analize je pokušaj da se identifikuje u kojoj meri Srbija kao tranziciona zemlja može od skandinavskih zemalja da nauči lekcije modernizacije upravljanja, demokratizacije čitavog sistema (decentralizacija i jačanje kapaciteta lokalnih vlasti), te smanjivanja korupcije i zloupotreba u javnoj sferi. U metodološkom smislu istražuje se analiza sistema, načina kreiranja i vođenja urbane politike u skandinavskim zemljama uz afirmaciju znanja (evidence based policy making) i profesionalizma. Studija slučaja grada Kopenhagena i iskustva drugih gradova ovog regiona omogućiće uvid u konkretne koristi ovakvog pristupa. Na toj osnovi će biti urađena komparacija sa ovim procesima u Srbiji, što nam omogućava da identifikujemo neophodne korekcije u našem sistemu. Neki od rezultata ovog rada su jasniji uvid u slabosti sistema u Srbiji, posebno u upravljanju gradovima, uvid u gubitke koristi koje donosi demokratski uređeno, decentralizovano društvo, moderno upravljanje, kreiranje politika zasnovano na dobrim podacima, te kreativno nalaženja rešenja za probleme. Može se zaključiti da reformske promene koje naše društvo ne sprovodi, već pred njima skoro dve decenije nemoćno stoji -ne traže velika materijalna ulaganja, već predstavljaju pre svega promenu vrednosti, promenu prioriteta i modela ponašanja

Geometric modeling and principle of the golden section

Modeling the process is a virtual representation of the object (model). Mathematical and geometrical principles for designing a model based on the socalled golden ratio. The paper aims to present the specifics of expressing the proportions of the golden section. As the golden section studied and used by many artists and architects in the creation of their work at the end of these examples are described its use. In addition, it will be listed and examples of the golden ratio occurrence in the art

Ecstasy tablets intoxication with lethal autcome

Background. Ecstasy, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a synthetic compound increasingly popular as a recreational drug. Tablets known as ecstasy contain MDMA, but may also contain caffeine, ephedrine, paramethoxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ketamine. After absorption MDMA is metabolized to MDA, 4-hydroxy-3- metoxymetamphetamine (HMMA) and 4-hydroxy-3- metoxyamphetamine (HMA). After that HMMA and HMA are conjugated and excreted by urine. The aim of this report was to confirm by toxicological post mortem analyses of poisoned person organs that ecstasy had been the cause of his death. Case report. We reported the death of a 17-year-old boy after the ingestion of ecstasy. MDMA and metabolites were determined by multicolumn high performance liquid chromatography with UV spectral detection (HPLC-UV). Toxicological tests showed the presence of MDMA in all samples. When examining post mortem material (the organs), the highest concentrations were measured in the stomach (835,97 μg/g) and kidney (801,14 μg/g). The minimal concentration was in the liver (22,26 μg/g). Conclusion. The obtained results of MDMA and its metabolites concentrations showed abuse of a high dose of ecstasy.

Choice of parameters in gradient methods for the unconstrained optimization problems

Posmatra se problem optimizacije bez ograničenja. Za rešavanje problema  optimizacije bez ograničenja postoji mnoštvo raznovrsnih metoda. Istraživanje ovde motivisano je potrebom za metodama koje će brzo konvergirati. Cilj je sistematizacija poznatih rezultata, kao i teorijska i numerička analiza mogućnosti uvođenja parametra u gradijentne metode. Najpre se razmatra problem minimizacije konveksne funkcije više promenljivih. Problem minimizacije konveksne funkcije više promenljivih ovde se rešava bez izračunavanja matrice hesijana, što je naročito aktuelno za sisteme velikih dimenzija, kao i za probleme optimizacije kod kojih ne raspolažemo ni tačnom vrednošću funkcije cilja, ni tačnom vrednošću gradijenta. Deo motivacije za istraživanjem ovde leži i u postojanju problema kod kojih je funkcija cilja rezultat simulacija. Numerički rezultati, predstavljeni u Glavi 6, pokazuju da uvođenje izvesnog parametra može biti korisno, odnosno, dovodi do ubrzanja određenog metoda optimizacije. Takođe se predstavlja jedan novi hibridni metod konjugovanog gradijenta, kod koga je parametar konjugovanog gradijenta konveksna kombinacija dva poznata parametra konjugovanog gradijenta. U prvoj glavi opisuje se motivacija kao i osnovni pojmovi potrebni za praćenje preostalih glava. U drugoj glavi daje se pregled nekih gradijentnih metoda prvog i drugog reda. Četvrta glava sadrži pregled osnovnih pojmova i nekih rezultata vezanih za metode konjugovanih gradijenata. Pomenute glave su tu radi pregleda nekih poznatih rezultata, dok se originalni doprinos predstavlja u trećoj, petoj i šestoj glavi. U trećoj glavi se opisuje izvesna modifikacija određenog metoda u kome se koristi multiplikativni parametar, izabran na slučajan način. Dokazuje se linearna konvergencija tako formiranog novog metoda. Peta glava sadrži originalne rezultate koji se odnose na metode konjugovanih gradijenata. Naime, u ovoj glavi predstavlja se novi hibridni metod konjugovanih gradijenata, koji je konveksna kombinacija dva poznata metoda konjugovanih gradijenata. U šestoj glavi se daju rezultati numeričkih eksperimenata, izvršenih na  izvesnom skupu test funkcija, koji se odnose na metode iz treće i pete glave. Implementacija svih razmatranih algoritama rađena je u paketu MATHEMATICA. Kriterijum upoređivanja je vreme rada centralne procesorske jedinice.6The problem under consideration is an unconstrained optimization problem. There are many different methods made in aim to solve the optimization problems.  The investigation made here is motivated by the fact that the methods which converge fast are necessary. The main goal is the systematization of some known results and also theoretical and numerical analysis of the possibilities to int roduce some parameters within gradient methods. Firstly, the minimization problem is considered, where the objective function is a convex, multivar iable function. This problem is solved here without the calculation of Hessian, and such solution is very important, for example, when the  big dimension systems are solved, and also for solving optimization problems with unknown values of the objective function and its gradient. Partially, this investigation is motivated by the existence of problems where the objective function is the result of simulations. Numerical results, presented in  Chapter  6, show that the introduction of a parameter is useful, i.e., such introduction results by the acceleration of the known optimization method. Further, one new hybrid conjugate gradient method is presented, in which the conjugate gradient parameter is a convex combination of two known conjugate gradient parameters. In the first chapter, there is motivation and also the basic co ncepts which are necessary for the other chapters. The second chapter contains the survey of some first order and second order gradient methods. The fourth chapter contains the survey of some basic concepts and results corresponding to conjugate gradient methods. The first, the second and the fourth  chapters are here to help in considering of some known results, and the original results are presented in the chapters 3,5 and 6. In the third chapter, a modification of one unco nstrained optimization method is presented, in which the randomly chosen multiplicative parameter is used. Also, the linear convergence of such modification is proved. The fifth chapter contains the original results, corresponding to conjugate gradient methods. Namely, one new hybrid conjugate gradient method is presented, and this  method is the convex combination of two known conjugate gradient methods. The sixth chapter consists of the numerical results, performed on a set of test functions, corresponding to methods in the chapters 3 and 5. Implementation of all considered algorithms is made in Mathematica. The comparison criterion is CPU time.The problem under consideration is an unconstrained optimization problem. There are many different methods made in aim to solve the optimization problems.  The investigation made here is motivated by the fact that the methods which converge fast are necessary. The main goal is the systematization of some known results and also theoretical and numerical analysis of the possibilities to int roduce some parameters within gradient methods. Firstly, the minimization problem is considered, where the objective function is a convex, multivar iable function. This problem is solved here without the calculation of Hessian, and such solution is very important, for example, when the  big dimension systems are solved, and also for solving optimization problems with unknown values of the objective function and its gradient. Partially, this investigation is motivated by the existence of problems where the objective function is the result of simulations. Numerical results, presented in  Chapter  6, show that the introduction of a parameter is useful, i.e., such introduction results by the acceleration of the known optimization method. Further, one new hybrid conjugate gradient method is presented, in which the conjugate gradient parameter is a convex combination of two known conjugate gradient parameters. In the first chapter, there is motivation and also the basic co ncepts which are necessary for the other chapters. Key  Words Documentation  97 The second chapter contains the survey of some first order and second order gradient methods. The fourth chapter contains the survey of some basic concepts and results corresponding to conjugate gradient methods. The first, the second and the fourth  chapters are here to help in considering of some known results, and the original results are presented in the chapters 3,5 and 6. In the third chapter, a modification of one unco nstrained optimization method is presented, in which the randomly chosen multiplicative parameter is used. Also, the linear convergence of such modification is proved. The fifth chapter contains the original results, corresponding to conjugate gradient methods. Namely, one new hybrid conjugate gradient method is presented, and this  method is the convex combination of two known conjugate gradient methods. The sixth chapter consists of the numerical results, performed on a set of test functions, corresponding to methods in the chapters 3 and 5. Implementation of all considered algorithms is made in Mathematica. The comparison criterion is CPU tim

Decentralisation and Enhancing the Local Government Capacity in Serbia

Ovaj članak se bavi prikazom procesa decentralizacije u Srbiji od 2000. do 2011. godine imajući u vidu da bi ovaj proces ujedno morao biti i proces podizanja kapaciteta lokalnih vlasti. U radu se prati transformacija svakog od bitnih činilaca autonomije lokalne vlasti i njenih menadžerijalnih potencijala: ustavni i zakonski status, izbori i model organizacije vlasti, nadležnosti, finansiranje, pružanje usluga, participacija građana, te odnos države i lokalne samouprave. Ovaj kompleksan proces zahteva vreme, podizanje znanja i veština svih nivoa vlasti (posebno lokalne), posvećenost političke elite demokratskim vrednostima i tesno je vezan sa podizanjem stepena demokratske političke kulture.This paper provides a review of the process of decentralisation in Serbia from 2000 to 2011, bearing in mind that this process should at the same time be a process of enhancing the local government capacity. The paper traces the transformation of each of the essential factors of the autonomy of local government and its managerial potentials: its constitutional and legal status, elections and the model of the organisation of government, competences, funding, provision of services, citizen participation, and the relationship between the state and local self-government. This complex process is time-consuming, requires upgrading knowledge and skills at all levels of government (local government in particular), a commitment of the political elite to democratic values, and is closely tied to increasing the level of democratic political culture

Choice of parameters in gradient methods for the unconstrained optimization problems

Posmatra se problem optimizacije bez ograničenja. Za rešavanje problema  optimizacije bez ograničenja postoji mnoštvo raznovrsnih metoda. Istraživanje ovde motivisano je potrebom za metodama koje će brzo konvergirati. Cilj je sistematizacija poznatih rezultata, kao i teorijska i numerička analiza mogućnosti uvođenja parametra u gradijentne metode. Najpre se razmatra problem minimizacije konveksne funkcije više promenljivih. Problem minimizacije konveksne funkcije više promenljivih ovde se rešava bez izračunavanja matrice hesijana, što je naročito aktuelno za sisteme velikih dimenzija, kao i za probleme optimizacije kod kojih ne raspolažemo ni tačnom vrednošću funkcije cilja, ni tačnom vrednošću gradijenta. Deo motivacije za istraživanjem ovde leži i u postojanju problema kod kojih je funkcija cilja rezultat simulacija. Numerički rezultati, predstavljeni u Glavi 6, pokazuju da uvođenje izvesnog parametra može biti korisno, odnosno, dovodi do ubrzanja određenog metoda optimizacije. Takođe se predstavlja jedan novi hibridni metod konjugovanog gradijenta, kod koga je parametar konjugovanog gradijenta konveksna kombinacija dva poznata parametra konjugovanog gradijenta. U prvoj glavi opisuje se motivacija kao i osnovni pojmovi potrebni za praćenje preostalih glava. U drugoj glavi daje se pregled nekih gradijentnih metoda prvog i drugog reda. Četvrta glava sadrži pregled osnovnih pojmova i nekih rezultata vezanih za metode konjugovanih gradijenata. Pomenute glave su tu radi pregleda nekih poznatih rezultata, dok se originalni doprinos predstavlja u trećoj, petoj i šestoj glavi. U trećoj glavi se opisuje izvesna modifikacija određenog metoda u kome se koristi multiplikativni parametar, izabran na slučajan način. Dokazuje se linearna konvergencija tako formiranog novog metoda. Peta glava sadrži originalne rezultate koji se odnose na metode konjugovanih gradijenata. Naime, u ovoj glavi predstavlja se novi hibridni metod konjugovanih gradijenata, koji je konveksna kombinacija dva poznata metoda konjugovanih gradijenata. U šestoj glavi se daju rezultati numeričkih eksperimenata, izvršenih na  izvesnom skupu test funkcija, koji se odnose na metode iz treće i pete glave. Implementacija svih razmatranih algoritama rađena je u paketu MATHEMATICA. Kriterijum upoređivanja je vreme rada centralne procesorske jedinice.6The problem under consideration is an unconstrained optimization problem. There are many different methods made in aim to solve the optimization problems.  The investigation made here is motivated by the fact that the methods which converge fast are necessary. The main goal is the systematization of some known results and also theoretical and numerical analysis of the possibilities to int roduce some parameters within gradient methods. Firstly, the minimization problem is considered, where the objective function is a convex, multivar iable function. This problem is solved here without the calculation of Hessian, and such solution is very important, for example, when the  big dimension systems are solved, and also for solving optimization problems with unknown values of the objective function and its gradient. Partially, this investigation is motivated by the existence of problems where the objective function is the result of simulations. Numerical results, presented in  Chapter  6, show that the introduction of a parameter is useful, i.e., such introduction results by the acceleration of the known optimization method. Further, one new hybrid conjugate gradient method is presented, in which the conjugate gradient parameter is a convex combination of two known conjugate gradient parameters. In the first chapter, there is motivation and also the basic co ncepts which are necessary for the other chapters. The second chapter contains the survey of some first order and second order gradient methods. The fourth chapter contains the survey of some basic concepts and results corresponding to conjugate gradient methods. The first, the second and the fourth  chapters are here to help in considering of some known results, and the original results are presented in the chapters 3,5 and 6. In the third chapter, a modification of one unco nstrained optimization method is presented, in which the randomly chosen multiplicative parameter is used. Also, the linear convergence of such modification is proved. The fifth chapter contains the original results, corresponding to conjugate gradient methods. Namely, one new hybrid conjugate gradient method is presented, and this  method is the convex combination of two known conjugate gradient methods. The sixth chapter consists of the numerical results, performed on a set of test functions, corresponding to methods in the chapters 3 and 5. Implementation of all considered algorithms is made in Mathematica. The comparison criterion is CPU time.The problem under consideration is an unconstrained optimization problem. There are many different methods made in aim to solve the optimization problems.  The investigation made here is motivated by the fact that the methods which converge fast are necessary. The main goal is the systematization of some known results and also theoretical and numerical analysis of the possibilities to int roduce some parameters within gradient methods. Firstly, the minimization problem is considered, where the objective function is a convex, multivar iable function. This problem is solved here without the calculation of Hessian, and such solution is very important, for example, when the  big dimension systems are solved, and also for solving optimization problems with unknown values of the objective function and its gradient. Partially, this investigation is motivated by the existence of problems where the objective function is the result of simulations. Numerical results, presented in  Chapter  6, show that the introduction of a parameter is useful, i.e., such introduction results by the acceleration of the known optimization method. Further, one new hybrid conjugate gradient method is presented, in which the conjugate gradient parameter is a convex combination of two known conjugate gradient parameters. In the first chapter, there is motivation and also the basic co ncepts which are necessary for the other chapters. Key  Words Documentation  97 The second chapter contains the survey of some first order and second order gradient methods. The fourth chapter contains the survey of some basic concepts and results corresponding to conjugate gradient methods. The first, the second and the fourth  chapters are here to help in considering of some known results, and the original results are presented in the chapters 3,5 and 6. In the third chapter, a modification of one unco nstrained optimization method is presented, in which the randomly chosen multiplicative parameter is used. Also, the linear convergence of such modification is proved. The fifth chapter contains the original results, corresponding to conjugate gradient methods. Namely, one new hybrid conjugate gradient method is presented, and this  method is the convex combination of two known conjugate gradient methods. The sixth chapter consists of the numerical results, performed on a set of test functions, corresponding to methods in the chapters 3 and 5. Implementation of all considered algorithms is made in Mathematica. The comparison criterion is CPU tim

Uticaj bakterijskog inokulanta na hemijski sastav i fermentaciju silaže lucerke

Alfalfa silage is a useful source of protein for feeding ruminants. Therefore, managing alfalfa silage in livestock production systems is an important issue in order to maintain the silage quality and achieve maximum profitable production of milk and meat. The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of bacterial inoculant Silko, containing Lactobacillus plantarum (strains: LP1, LP2, LP3 and LP4) on chemical composition, energetic characteristics and fermentation alfalfa silage under field conditions in the commercial dairy farm, during the 2016. The first-cut alfalfa in the second year has been conserved in silage form. The silage mass was subdivided into two equal parts (control (silage without inoculant) and silages treated with bacterial inoculant Silko) and ensiled in trench silo. After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed. Dry matter, ash, crude protein, lactic acid, acetic acid, total digestible nutrients value and relative feed value were significantly higher in silage treated with bacterial inoculant Silko compared to control. Contrary, alfalfa silage treated with a bacterial inoculant Silko had lower values of cellulose, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, nonnitro extractive matter, pH, butyric acid, soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen and NH3- N/total nitrogen than untreated silage. Results showed that bacterial inoculant Silko increases silage quality compared to control so that research should be directed toward the use of such prepared silage in ruminant diets and its impact on milk and meat production on farms.Silaža lucerke je koristan izvor proteina za ishranu preživara. Stoga, proizvodnja silaže lucerke u stočarstvu predstavlja važno pitanje kako bi se održao kvalitet silaže i postigla maksimalna profitabilna proizvodnja mleka i mesa. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se proceni efekat bakterijskog inokulanta Silka koji sadrži Lactobacillus plantarum (sojevi: LP1 LP2, LP3 i LP4) na hemijski sastav i fermentaciju silaže lucerke u terenskim uslovima na komercijalnoj farmi goveda u 2016. godini. Prvi otkos lucerke u drugoj godini je konzerviran u obliku silaže. Silažna masa je podeljena na dva jednaka dela (kontrola (silaža bez inokulanta) i silaža tretiranih bakterijskim inokulantom Silko) i silirana u rovu silosu. Silaža je analizirana 60 dana nakon siliranja. Sadržaj suve materije, pepela, sirovih proteina, mlečne i sirćetne kiseline, ukupna svarljiva hranljiva materija i relativna hranljiva vrednost značajno su veći u silaži tretiranoj bakterijskim inokulantom Silko nego u kontroli. Suprotno, silaža lucerke tretirana sa bakterijskom inokulantom Silko imala je niže vrednosti za celulozu, ADF, NDF, bezazotne ekstraktivne materije, pH, buternu kiselinu i udeo rastvorljivog i amonijačnog azota u ukupnom azotu nego kontrola. Rezultati su pokazali da bakterijski inokulant Silko povećava kvalitet silaže u odnosu na kontrolu, tako da bi dalja istraživanja trebalo da budu usmerena ka korišćenju ovako pripremljene silaže u ishrani preživara i njen uticaj na proizvodnju mleka i mesa na farmama