Structural asessment and strengthening of Atatürk's mausoleum, Anitkabir

Anıtkabir is the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the commander of Turkish War of Independence and the founder of Republic of Turkey. Rather than a work of architecture, Anıtkabir has been a symbol and a focal center of Atatürk’s principles, republican revolutions and modern Turkey

Classification of Turkish safflower oils based on their fatty acid and sterol profiles using multivariate techniques

The aim of the current study was to classify Turkish safflower oils based on sterol and fatty acid composition. For this purpose, 37 samples from five different safflower varieties (Dinçer, Linas, Remzibey-05, Balcı and Olas) grown in the same agricultural and environmental conditions were obtained. Seeds were evaluated for their oil, water and ash content. Oils of seeds were extracted by solvent extraction and oils were analyzed for their sterols and fatty acids. Results have shown that Linas and Olas varieties’ oil contents were significantly higher than others’. There were clear differences in fatty acid compositions of various cultivars. Remzibey-05 and Olas varieties were different from others by their higher oleic and relatively lower linoleic acid ratios. Total sterol contents of oils ranged among 2700-3626 mg/kg and the main phytosterol was β-sitosterol covering 43.27-48.16 % of the total sterols

Supporting Custom Instructions with the LLVM Compiler for RISC-V Processor

The rise of hardware accelerators with custom instructions necessitates custom compiler backends supporting these accelerators. This study provides detailed analyses of LLVM and its RISC-V backend, supplemented with case studies providing end-to-end overview of the mentioned transformations. We discuss that instruction design should consider both hardware and software design space. The necessary compiler modifications may mean that the instruction is not well designed and need to be reconsidered. We discuss that RISC-V standard extensions provide exemplary instructions that can guide instruction designers. In this study, the process of adding a custom instruction to compiler is split into two parts as Assembler support and pattern matching support. Without pattern matching support, conventional software requires manual entries of inline Assembly for the accelerator which is not scalable. While it is trivial to add Assembler support regardless of the instruction semantics, pattern matching support is on the contrary. Pattern matching support and choosing the right stage for the modification, requires the knowledge of the internal transformations in the compiler. This study delves deep into pattern matching and presents multiple ways to approach the problem of pattern matching support. It is discussed that depending on the pattern's complexity, higher level transformations, e.g. IR level, can be more maintainable compared to Instruction Selection phase.Comment: Electronics and Communication Engineering B.Sc. Graduation Project. Source can be found in https://github.com/eymay/Senior-Design-Projec

Automatic annotation of X-ray images: a study on attribute selection

Advances in the medical imaging technology has lead to an exponential growth in the number of digital images that need to be acquired, analyzed, classified, stored and retrieved in medical centers. As a result, medical image classification and retrieval has recently gained high interest in the scientific community. Despite several attempts, the proposed solutions are still far from being sufficiently accurate for real-life implementations. In a previous work, performance of different feature types were investigated in a SVM-based learning framework for classification. of X-Ray images into classes corresponding to body parts and local binary patterns were observed to outperform others. In this paper, we extend that work by exploring the effect of attribute selection on the classification performance. Our experiments show that principal component analysis based attribute selection manifests prediction values that are comparable to the baseline (all-features case) with considerably smaller subsets of original features, inducing lower processing times and reduced storage space

kolon ve mide kanserinde 5-aminolevünelik asit aracılı fotodinamik tani

Günümüzde kolon ve mide kanserleri tüm kanser türleri içerisinde sık rastlanan kanserlerdendir. Bu kanserlerin erken tanısı için kullanılan yöntemler gerektiği kadar yeterli bilgi vermemektedir. Bu amaçla son zamanlarda fotodinamik tanı yöntemi kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada; in-vitro olarak kolon kanseri (HCT116) ve mide kanseri (AGS ve HCT116) hücre hatlarında 5-ALA ile uyarılmış PpIX’ın oluşturduğu flüoresansın teşhisi ile gerçekleştirilen fotodinamik tanının en etkin şekilde yapılması için gerektiği koşulların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu tezde farklı dozlarda 5-ALA (0, 100, 200, 300 μg/ml) uygulanmış HCT116, AGS ve MKN28 hücre hatlarında 0, 1, 2, 3 ve 5 saat inkübasyon süresini takiben hücre canlılığı, flüoresans yoğunluk analizi, hücre göçü ve hareketliliği analizi, kaspaz 3/7 ile erken hücre ölümü analizi, mikroskop ile elde edilen flüoresans görüntülerde görüntü işleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. 200 μg/ml 5-ALA ile uyarılan ve 3 saat inkübe edilen hücrelerde uyarılmadan 3 saat sonra hücre canlılığı açısından karşılaştırıldığında AGS hücre hattının MKN28 ve HCT116 hücre hattına nazaran daha fazla hücre canlılığında azalma olduğu gözlenmiştir. MKN28, HCT116 ve AGS hücre hatlarının farklı inkübe sürelerinde ve 5-ALA konsantrasyonlarında hücreler de farklı flüoresans yoğunlukları gösterilmiştir. En belirgin flüoresans yoğunluğu MKN28 hücre hattında gözlenmiştir. En yüksek hücre hareketinin MKN-28 hücre hattında, en düşük hücre hareketinin ise HCT116 hücre hattında olduğu belirlenmiştir. 300 μg/ml 5-ALA ile uyarılmış HCT116 hücre hattında erken apoptoz bulguları diğer hücre hatları ile karşılaştırıldığında daha belirgin olarak gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, 200 μg/ml 5-ALA ile uyarılan hücrelerde 3 saat sonra gözlenen flüoresansın mide ve kolon kanserlerinin fotodinamik tanı amacıyla kullanılabilecek en uygun tanı dozu olduğu saptanmıştır. İleride yapılacak insan çalışmalarında etkinliği ve duyarlılığı gösterilecek olan fotodinamik tanı, klinikte mide ve kolon kanserleri erken tanısında umut vaat eden bir yöntem olarak uygulanabilecektir.adü bap/TPF-17006İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY………………………………………………………………………......i TEŞEKKÜR……………………………………………………………………………….....ii İÇİNDEKİLER…………………………………………………………………………..…..iii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ…………………………………………………..v ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ………………………………………………………………………......vi RESİMLER DİZİNİ………………………………………………………………………....vii TABLOLAR DİZİNİ…………………………………………………………………….....viii ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………………….…..ix ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….……xi 1.GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………………….....1 2.GENEL BİLGİLER…………………………………………………………………...…….3 2.1.Kanser……………………………………………………………………....…………..…3 2.2.Kanser Hücrelerinin Özellikleri………………………………………………….….……4 2.3 Kanserin Moleküler Biyolojisi…………………………………………………….….......5 2.4.Mide Kanseri……………………………………………………………………………...5 2.4.1.Mide Kanserinin Patolojisi……………………………………………………..…..…..6 2.5.Kolon Kanseri…………………………………………………………………….….......6 2.5.1. Kolon Kanserinin Patolojisi…………………………………………………..…….….7 2.6. Elektromanyetik Dalgalar……………………………………......................................7 2.7. Jablonski Diyagramı…………………………………………………………….…….....9 2.8. Flüoresans……………………………………………………………………….……...11 2.8.1. Flüoresans Tanı……………………………………………………………………….12 2.8.1.1. Otoflüoresans Tanı Yöntemi………………………………………………………..13 2.8.1.2.Flüoresans Tanı……………………………………...………………………………13 2.9. Fotosensitif Ajanlar……………………………………………………………………..14 2.9.1. 5-Aminolevünelik Asit …………………………………………………..…………...16 2.9.2. Hexaaminolüvenilik asit………………………………………………….…………...18 2.10. Fotodinamik Tanıda Işık Kaynakları……………………………………….………….19 2.11. Fotodinamik Tanı Klinikte Kullanımı……………………………………….………...20 2.12. İmage J……………………………………………………………………….………...21 2.13. Matlab……………………………………………………………………….…………23 3.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEMLER……………………………………………………………….24 3.1.Gereç………………………………………………………………………..……………24 3.2.Yöntem………………………………………………………………………..…………25 3.2.1.Hücre Hatlarının Ekimi ve Çoğaltılması………………………………………………25 3.2.2.Hücre Sayımı…………………………………………………………………………..26 3.2.3. 5-Aminolevünelik Asit Stok Solüsyonun Hazırlanışı…………………………………26 3.2.4.İn-Vitro Fotodinamik Tanı Deneyi…………………………………………………….26 3.2.5.Hücre Görüntülenmesi…………………………………………………………….......27 3.2.6.Hücre Canlılığının Değerlendirilmesi……………………………………………….…28 3.2.7.Erken Apoptosis Analizi………………………………………………………….……28 3.2.8.Hücre Göçü……………………………………………………………………….……28 3.2.9.Hücrelerin Bulunduğu Alanları Saptamak………………………………………….….29 3.2.10. Hücre Flüoresans Yoğunlukları………………………………………………….…..30 3.2.11. Hücre Hareketlerinin Değerlendirilmesi………………………………………….….31 3.2.12. İstatistiksel Analiz………………………………………………………………....…32 4. BULGULAR………………………………………………………………………….…...33 4.1.Mikroskop Görüntüleri………………………………………………………………..…34 4.2.Hücre Hatlarının Hareketlerinin Analizi……………………………………………...…37 4.3.Hücre Canlılığının Analizi…………………………………………………………..…..38 4.4.Erken Apoptoz Analizi………………………………………………………………..…39 4.5.5-Aminolevünelik Asit ile İndüklenmiş Hücrelerin Flüoresans Yoğunlukları……..…..40 5.TARTIŞMA………………………………………………………………………………..43 6.SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER…………………………………………………………………..47 KAYNAKLAR………………………………………………………………………………49 ÖZGEÇMİŞ………………………………………………………………………………….5

Medical image retrieval and automatic annotation: VPA-SABANCI at ImageCLEF 2009

Advances in the medical imaging technology has lead to an exponential growth in the number of digital images that needs to be acquired, analyzed, classified, stored and retrieved in medical centers. As a result, medical image classification and retrieval has recently gained high interest in the scientific community. Despite several attempts, such as the yearly-held ImageCLEF Medical Image Annotation Competition, the proposed solutions are still far from being su±ciently accurate for real-life implementations. In this paper we summarize the technical details of our experiments for the ImageCLEF 2009 medical image annotation task. We use a direct and two hierarchical classification schemes that employ support vector machines and local binary patterns, which are recently developed low-cost texture descriptors. The direct scheme employs a single SVM to automatically annotate X-ray images. The two proposed hierarchi-cal schemes divide the classification task into sub-problems. The first hierarchical scheme exploits ensemble SVMs trained on IRMA sub-codes. The second learns from subgroups of data defined by frequency of classes. Our experiments show that hier-archical annotation of images by training individual SVMs over each IRMA sub-code dominates its rivals in annotation accuracy with increased process time relative to the direct scheme

Binary and nonbinary description of hypointensity for search and retrieval of brain MR images

Diagnosis accuracy in the medical field, is mainly affected by either lack of sufficient understanding of some diseases or the inter/intra-observer variability of the diagnoses. We believe that mining of large medical databases can help improve the current status of disease understanding and decision making. In a previous study based on binary description of hypointensity in the brain, it was shown that brain iron accumulation shape provides additional information to the shape-insensitive features, such as the total brain iron load, that are commonly used in clinics. This paper proposes a novel, nonbinary description of hypointensity in the brain based on principal component analysis. We compare the complementary and redundant information provided by the two descriptions using Kendall's rank correlation coefficient in order to better understand the individual descriptions of iron accumulation in the brain and obtain a more robust and accurate search and retrieval system

Ekmeklik buğdayda kurağa dayanıklılık için bazı özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi

One of the most important factors limiting wheat yield is drought, due to inadequate rainfall and its erratic distrubition. The drought which was occurred during especially grain filling in Aegean Region leads to significantly declined yield. For this purpose, bread wheat varieties which were Golia 99, Basribey 95, Cumhuriyet 75, Sagittario, Pamukova 97 and Negev evaluated for drought tolerance. The study was conducted irrigated and rainfed conditions as field and germination observations. The examined characters were evaluated, in terms of resistance to non-irrigated conditions. The plant height, spike number per square meter, grain yield, coleoptile length and radicle length were concluded to be taken into consideration. Cumhuriyet 75, Negev and Sagittario varieties may be more efficient in drought years and these varieties can be said to use succesfully the drought resistance breeding works.Buğday verimini sınırlayan en önemli faktörlerden birisi yağışın yetersiz ve düzensiz dağılımından kaynaklanan kuraklıktır. Ege Bölgesi'nde özellikle tane dolumu süresince meydana gelen kuraklık verimin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle Golia 99, Basribey 95, Cumhuriyet 75, Sagittario, Pamukova 97 ve Negev ekmeklik buğday çeşitleri kuraklığa tolerans için değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, sulama ve yağış koşullarında tarlada ve çimlenme gözlemleri olarak yürütülmüştür. İncelenen özellikler susuz koşullarda dayanıklılık açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bitki boyu, metrekarede başak sayısı, tane verimi, koleoptil uzunluğu ve kökçük uzunluğunun göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Cumhuriyet 75, Negev ve Sagittario çeşitlerinin kurak yıllarda daha verimli ve kuraklığa dayanıklı ıslah çalışmalarında başarılı bir şekilde kullanabileceği söylenebilir

Inheritance of quantitative characters in three wheat crosses II. morpho-physiological characters

The present study was undertaken to examine inheritance of morpho-physiological characters and to determine appropriate selection methods based on gene effects at three populations (Golia x Cumhuriyet 75, Panda x Gönen, Seri 82 x Basribey 95) obtanied from crossing of six bread wheat varieties. On the established populations, when genetic parameters were evaluated; data suggested that selection in advanced generations might be effective for plant height, spike area, rachis internode length, peduncle length, flag leaf angle, flag leaf sheath area, and heading date because of dominance and epistatic effects. On the other hand, appropriate selection time differed from one cross population to another for flag leaf area.Bu Çalışma, üÇ ekmeklik buğday melezinde (Golia x Cumhuriyet 75, Panda x Gönen, Seri 82 x Basribey 95) generasyon ortalamaları analizi ile morfo-fizyolojik özelliklerin kalıtımında rol oynayan gen etkilerini saptamak ve oluşturulan populasyonlarda uygulanabilecek seleksiyon yöntemlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Oluşturulan populasyonlarda, elde edilen genetik parametreler değerlendirildiğinde; bitki boyu, başak alanı, başakÇık sıklığı, üst boğum arası uzunluğu, bayrak yaprağı aÇısı, bayrak yaprağı kın alanı, başaklanma süresi bakımından dominantlık ve epistatik gen etkileri nedeniyle ileri generasyonlarda yapılacak seleksiyonun daha etkin olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. öte yandan, bayrak yaprağı alanı iÇin seleksiyona başlama generasyonu melez populasyonlara göre farklılık göstermiştir

Gene Action and Useful Heterosis in Interspesific Cotton Crosses (Gossypium hirsutum L. x Gossypium barbadense L.)

Conducted the breeding researches with interspecific cotton crosses are aimed to obtain genotypes have desired fiber characteristics like Gossypium barbadense L. and have high yields potential like Gossypium hirsutum L.. In this study, gene action and useful heterosis were investigated for fiber quality and yield traits in interspecific cotton crosses. The 12 F1’s and their parents were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications at the Nazilli Cotton Research Institute’s fields during 2011 and 2012 cotton growing season. Claudia, Candia, Sahin 2000, BA 308, Naz 07 and Fantom (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were used as a female parents and Giza 45 and Avesto (Gossypium barbadense L.) used as a male parents. Non-additive gene effects for yields, fiber strength and fiber length were greater than additive gene effects. The useful heterosis were positively significant for fiber strength and fiber length. Candia x Giza 45 hybrid was promising hybrid for all observed characters