Logicality of second-order logic: A critical inquiry on the related debatesİkinci seviye mantığın mantıksallığı: İlgili tartışmalar üzerine eleştirel bir değerlendirme

Being the pioneer of modern logic, Frege, with his quantification theory, was the pioneer of not only first-order logic, but also second-order logic. But today, as it may be seen from the recent pedagogical works clearly, learning modern logic has become almost equivalent to learning first-order logic. In the other words, first-order logic appears as the most natural, paradigmatic and central system of logic. However second-order logic either doesn’t appear in recent pedagogical works or appears as an interesting detail of the history of logic. Moreover, today even the logicality of second-order logic has become controversial. In this controversy, two of the criticisms against the logicality of second-order logic have become more apparent than the others: (1) the logical incompleteness criticism, and (2) the ontological commitments criticism. In this study, these two criticisms, which was put forward as a justification of the claim that second order logic is not a purely-logical system, and several responses to these criticisms are tried to be clarified in a simple and untechnical manner. Additionally it is argued that, while these two criticisms are strong and justified, several responses to these criticisms are weak. ÖzetModern mantığın öncüsü Frege niceleme kuramıyla, yalnızca birinci seviye mantığın değil, aynı zamanda ikinci seviye mantığın da öncüsüydü. Ancak günümüz pedagojik yapıtlarında da açıkça görülebileceği gibi bugün modern mantığı öğrenmek bunlardan birinci seviye mantığı öğrenmekle eşdeğer hale gelmiştir. Diğer bir deyişle birinci seviye mantık, mantığın en doğal, paradigmatik ve merkezi sistemi olarak kendini göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan ikinci seviye mantık ise günümüz pedagojik yapıtlarında ya yer almamakta ya da bu yapıtlarda mantık tarihinin ilginç bir ayrıntısı olarak yer almaktadır. Dahası bugün ikinci seviye mantığın mantıksallığı dahi tartışmalı hale gelmiştir. Bu tartışmalarda ikinci seviye mantığın mantıksallığına getirilen eleştirilerden ikisi diğerlerine göre daha belirgin hale gelmiştir. (1) Mantık sistemsel eksiklik eleştirisi ve (2) gizli ontolojik kabuller eleştirisi. Bu çalışmada ikinci seviye mantığın saf-mantıksal bir sistem olmadığı iddiasına gerekçe olarak ileri sürülen bu iki eleştiri ve bu eleştirilere getirilen çeşitli yanıtlar, basit ve teknik olmayan bir dille açık kılınmaya çalışılmıştır. Ek olarak bu iki eleştirinin güçlü ve haklı eleştiriler olduğu ve bu eleştirilere getirilen çeşitli yanıtların ise güçsüz olduğu savunulmuştur

O tratamento com ozônio pode ser uma alternativa promissora para a osteomielite? Um estudo experimental.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the biochemical and histopathological impact of ozone treatment in an experimental model of osteomyelitis in rats. Methods: A total of 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 months old, each weighing 300 to 400 g) were randomly allocated into three groups. Group I (n=8) served as a control and received no interventions or medications. In Group II (n=8), osteomyelitis was induced in the femur and no treatment was applied. Group III (n=8) received intraperitoneal ozone treatment for 3 weeks after the formation of osteomyelitis in the femur. Serum samples were taken to assess total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein carbonyl content (PCO), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Bone specimens obtained from the femur were histopathologically evaluated for inflammation, necrosis, osteomyelitis, and abscess formation. Results: Serum TAC levels were notably higher (p<0.001), while LDH levels were lower (p=0.002) in Group III than Group II. No significant difference was detected between groups with respect to PCO level. Similarly, Group III displayed more favorable histopathological outcomes with respect to osteomyelitis (p=0.008), inflammation (p=0.001), necrosis (p=0.022), and abscess formation (p=0.022). Conclusion: Ozone may be a useful adjunct treatment for osteomyelitis. Further studies in animals and humans are needed to clarify and confirm these preventive effects, understand the underlying pathophysiology, and establish guidelines. Level of Evidence II; Prospective comparative study.Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o impacto bioquímico e histopatológico do tratamento de ozônio em modelo experimental de osteomielite em ratos. Métodos: Vinte e quatro ratos Sprague-Dawley machos adultos (3 meses de idade, pesando de 300 a 400 g) foram alocados randomicamente em três grupos. O grupo I (n = 8) serviu como controle. No Grupo II (n = 8), o modelo de osteomielite experimental foi induzido no fêmur e não foi aplicado nenhum tratamento. O grupo III (n = 8) recebeu tratamento com ozônio intraperitoneal por 3 semanas depois da formação de osteomielite no fêmur. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para avaliar a capacidade antioxidante total (CAT), a concentração da proteína carbonil (PCO) e da lactato desidrogenase (LDH) no soro. As amostras do fêmur foram avaliadas por histopatologia quanto a inflamação, necrose, osteomielite e formação de abscesso. Resultados: Os níveis séricos de TAC foram notavelmente maiores (p < 0,001), enquanto os níveis de LDH foram menores (p = 0,002) no Grupo III em comparação com o Grupo II. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi detectada entre os grupos com relação ao nível de PCO. Do mesmo modo, o Grupo III apresentou resultados histopatológicos mais favoráveis para osteomielite (p = 0,008), inflamação (p = 0,001), necrose (p = 0,022) e formação de abscesso (p = 0,022). Conclusão: O ozônio pode ser um tratamento adjuvante útil na osteomielite. Mais estudos com animais e com seres humanos são necessários para esclarecer e confirmar esses efeitos preventivos, compreender a fisiopatologia subjacente e estabelecer diretrizes. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo prospectivo comparativo

Why the informal logic approach is fallacious and how to overcome it?

Bu çalışmada sıklıkla biçimsel olmayan mantık hareketi olarak adlandırılan felsefi yaklaşımın, çok geniş ve önemli bir pedagojik ve akademik literatür ortaya koymuş olmasına rağmen argümantasyon alanındaki temel yaklaşımının hatalı temellere dayandığı savunulmuştur. Bu savunu biçimsel olmayan mantık kavramının temelde sorunlu bir kavram olduğu, çünkü (1) günümüzde biçimselleştirilmiş ve henüz biçimselleştirilmemiş akıl yürütmeler arasındaki sınır mantığın tarihsel gelişimin bir sonucu olduğu için, bu ayrımının biçimsel olmayan mantık gibi bir kavramı kullanmayı meşru kılacak şekilde belirli olmadığı, (2) biçimsel olmayan mantık kavramının kuramsal zeminde değil, duygusal zeminde ortaya çıkan bir kavram olduğu temelinde yapılmıştır. Bu temelde bugün argümantasyon alanında en temel sorunun, modern biçimsel sistemlerle bağını koparmamış genel bir argümantasyon kuramının eksikliği olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Makalenin sonunda böyle bir kuramın nasıl geliştirilebileceği üzerine görüşlerimiz sunulmaktadır.In this article it is argued that, although the philosophical movement, which is usually called informal logic movement has produced a large and important pedagogical and academic literature, its basic approach to argumentation field depends on faulty foundations. This claim is justified on the grounds that, (1) because demarcation between today formalized and still not-formalized reasoning is a result of historical development of logic, the distinction between them is not certain enough to use a concept like informal logic legitimately, and (2) the concept of informal logic has emerged not from theoretical foundations but from emotional foundations. From these basics it is concluded that today the most important problem in argumentation field is the lack of a general argumentation theory, which does not cut off its connections with modern formal systems. At the end of the article, my views on how a theory like this may be developed is presented

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey*

Background/aim: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 was found to be dominant in Turkey. In this study, HCV genotypes were examined in the Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey. Materials and methods: The study consisted of 639 HCV-RNA–positive patients with chronic HCV infection in Adana (214 males and 101 females) and Antakya (139 males and 185 females) in Turkey. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was used for genotype determination. Results: In Antakya, it was determined that the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (0.31%), 1b (86.73%), 2 (9.26%), 3 (0.93%), and 4 (2.78%) were compatible with the nationwide results seen in Turkey. In Adana, the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (3.49%), 1b (55.24%), 2 (14.60%), 3 (26.03%), and 4 (0.63%) were found to be different. This difference was mainly due to the infection rates in males: genotype 1b was significantly lower (42.5% versus 82.2%, P < 0.001) in men in Adana, but genotype 2 (17.8% versus 7.9%, P = 0.021) and genotype 3 (34.6% versus 7.9%, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in men than in women in Adana. Conclusion: Rates of genotypes 2 and 3 were unexpectedly high in Adana compared to other parts of TurkeyBackground/aim: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 was found to be dominant in Turkey. In this study, HCV genotypes were examined in the Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey. Materials and methods: The study consisted of 639 HCV-RNA–positive patients with chronic HCV infection in Adana (214 males and 101 females) and Antakya (139 males and 185 females) in Turkey. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was used for genotype determination. Results: In Antakya, it was determined that the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (0.31%), 1b (86.73%), 2 (9.26%), 3 (0.93%), and 4 (2.78%) were compatible with the nationwide results seen in Turkey. In Adana, the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (3.49%), 1b (55.24%), 2 (14.60%), 3 (26.03%), and 4 (0.63%) were found to be different. This difference was mainly due to the infection rates in males: genotype 1b was significantly lower (42.5% versus 82.2%, P < 0.001) in men in Adana, but genotype 2 (17.8% versus 7.9%, P = 0.021) and genotype 3 (34.6% versus 7.9%, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in men than in women in Adana. Conclusion: Rates of genotypes 2 and 3 were unexpectedly high in Adana compared to other parts of Turke

Enrichment and isolation of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in Winogradsky column

The aim of the study is to isolate the anoxygenic photothophic bacteria from mud and soil obtained from Denizli Saraykoy and to determine bacteriochlorophyll content of the isolate. For this purpose samples were enriched under sunlight in Winogradsky column at room temperature for 2-3 months. Pure culture was obtained by decimal dilutions in Pfennig's medium and screened for maximum adsorption spectrum between 400-1100 nm. The absorption maxima of cell suspensions of isolated strains are 506-518, 806-810 and 854-865 nm.Anoksigenik fotosentetik bakterilerin wınogradsky kolonunda zenginleştirilmesi ve izolasyonu. Bu çalışmanın amacı Denizli Sarayköy’den alınan toprak ve çamur örneklerinden anoksigenik fototrofik bakteri izolasyonu ve saf kültür haline getirilen izolatın bakterioklorofil içeriğini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla örnekler, Winogradsky kolonunda, oda koşullarında 2-3 ay günışığında inkübe edilerek zenginleştirilmiştir. Phening’s ortamında ondalık seyreltmeler yapılarak saf kültür elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen izolatın 400-1100 nm dalga boyu aralığında adsorbsiyon spektrumları taranmış ve 506-518, 806-810 ve 854-865 nm.’de maksimum absorbans verdiği bulunmuştu

COULD OZONE TREATMENT BE A PROMISING ALTERNATIVE FOR OSTEOMYELITIS? AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

<div><p>ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the biochemical and histopathological impact of ozone treatment in an experimental model of osteomyelitis in rats. Methods: A total of 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 months old, each weighing 300 to 400 g) were randomly allocated into three groups. Group I (n=8) served as a control and received no interventions or medications. In Group II (n=8), osteomyelitis was induced in the femur and no treatment was applied. Group III (n=8) received intraperitoneal ozone treatment for 3 weeks after the formation of osteomyelitis in the femur. Serum samples were taken to assess total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein carbonyl content (PCO), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Bone specimens obtained from the femur were histopathologically evaluated for inflammation, necrosis, osteomyelitis, and abscess formation. Results: Serum TAC levels were notably higher (p<0.001), while LDH levels were lower (p=0.002) in Group III than Group II. No significant difference was detected between groups with respect to PCO level. Similarly, Group III displayed more favorable histopathological outcomes with respect to osteomyelitis (p=0.008), inflammation (p=0.001), necrosis (p=0.022), and abscess formation (p=0.022). Conclusion: Ozone may be a useful adjunct treatment for osteomyelitis. Further studies in animals and humans are needed to clarify and confirm these preventive effects, understand the underlying pathophysiology, and establish guidelines. Level of Evidence II; Prospective comparative study.</p></div

Kentsel bölgeler için yeni örgütlenme modelleri ve gelişme stratejileri: Türkiye'de yeni dönemde ortaya çıkan kentsel bölgelerde rekabetle sosyal bütünleşmeyi uzlaştıran çok katmanlı yönetişim modellerinin geliştirilmesi

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