Sintesis Hidroksiapatit melalui Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) dari Cangkang Kerang Darah dengan Metode Hidrotermal pada Variasi PH dan Suhu Operasi

Hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is a calcium phosphate compound which is a bioactive ceramic material with high bioafinitas. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) materials used as bone implants, adsorbents and catalysts. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite can be made by using material which is rich of CaCO3 like PCC blood calm shell with a composition of 95.5% CaCO3. In this research, PCC blood calm shell which has calcium source was synthesized to HAp by hydrothermal process. pH of the reaction (10, 11, 12) and reaction temperature (140oC, 160oC, 180oC) was be varied. The outcome of synthesis was characterized by using FTIR, XRD, SEM. The results of FTIR analysis, synthesis of HAp with hydrothermal method showed the formation of hydroxyapatite in the presence of peaks PO43- dan OH-. The highest peak is obtained at pH 10 at reaction temperature of 140oC, 160oC and 180oC. XRD diffraction results in hydroxyapatite get the highest crystallinity obtained at pH 10 at temperature of 180oC with a hexagonal crystal structure and produce a more pure hydroxyapatite. SEM results showed morphology with clots and irregular round shape

Proses Absorpsi Gas H2S Menggunakan Metildietanolamin

H2S in the oil and gas industry is undesirable because it can lead to corrosion of pipes and equipment production. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of distance and the injection of absorbent flow rate. Absorption processes carried out continuously with free variables absorbent flow rate of 40 ml/min, 60 ml/min, 80 ml/min and 100 ml/min, with a distance of injection of 110 m, 140 m , and 170 m. The results of absorption H2S was measured by using a gas detector tube system. H2S absorption process using methyldiethanolamine as absorbent with flow rate variation of 40 ml/min is 170 ppm, absorbent flow rate of 60 ml/min is 150 ppm, absorbent flow rate of 80 ml /min and 100 ml/min which is 125 ppm . The concentration of H2S for the distance variation injection of 110 m that is 175 ppm , a distance of 140 m the injection of 150 ppm and at a distance of 170 m the injection of 125 ppm . The optimum conditions of hydrogen sulfide gas absorption process using methyldiethanolamine occurs at a flow rate of 80 ml/min at a distance of 170 m injection of H2S that can absorb as much as 58 % . The results showed that the greater the flow rate of the absorbent and absorbent injection of the longer distance, the greater the absorption of H2S gas that occurs

Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Biji Nyamplung dengan Sintesis Katalis Basa Na2SiO3/Fe3O4

Biodiesel is an alternative energy to replace fossil fuels. It can be synthesized by transesterification process of palm oils. Commonly the process of producing biodiesel was used NaOH or KOH as homogeneous catalyst which has the disadvantage because the formation of side products such as soaps and complexity of the separation of catalyst. This research aims to derive biodiesel from seed calophyllum inophyllum oil (CIO) through transesterification using heterogeneous base catalyst Na2SiO3/Fe3O4. Catalyst Na2SiO3/Fe3O4 was synthesized from fly ash palm oil, sodium hydroxide, and iron powder. Condition operation the transesterification are molar ratio of oil:methanol 1:9 and loading catalyst 3%-w with under stirring 300 rpm. The highest yield of biodiesel is 89,48% under the transesterification reaction temperature 60 oC, reaction time 2 hours. Density (40°C) of biodiesel is 862,56 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity (40°C) is 3,54 mm2/s, flash point is 140°C and acid value is 0,50 mg-KOH/g-biodiesel

Pengaruh Variasi Temperatur dan Waktu terhadap Rendemen Pirolisis Limbah Kulit Durian Menjadi Asap Cair

Manufacturing of Liquid Smoke from durian\u27s peel waste biomass that used for preservation by pyrolysis process to produce more valuable and reliable product. Purpose of this research is to find dependence of yield liquid smoke from pyrolysis durian\u27s peel waste to temperature and time. The temperature is 250°C, 275°C, 300°C, 325°C and 350°C also the time is 90, 120 and 150 minutes that did with one set of pyrolysis equipment. From this research has been got the result of yield at each variabel, 250°C = 5.95%, 275°C = 10.57%, 300°C = 11.12%, 325°C = 11.22% dan 350°C =19.09% and 90 minutes = 14.31%, 120 minutes = 19.10% dan 150 minutes = 26.52%. so at the highest temperature and time will be get the highest yield

Perengkahan Katalitik PalmFatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Menghasilkan Biofuel Menggunakan Katalis Abu Tandan Kosong Sawit (TKS) dengan Variasi Temperatur dan Kecepatan Pengadukan

Ash of empty palm fruit bunches is the solid waste from process of making crude palm oil (CPO). Ash of empty palm fruit bunches have many component that make it can to be use as a catalyst. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a byproduct from process of making cooking oil. PFAD potential to converted into biofuel with catalytic cracking process. This study aims to utilize ash of empty fruit bunches and PFAD to be raw material of making biofuel, to know component of biofuel produced. Yield maximum biofuel obtained at a temperature of 410 0 C with stirring speed 250 rpm that is equal to 57,14%. While the largest biofuel conversion obtained at stirring speed of 300 rpm and a temperature of 4100C in the amount of 50.671%. Cracking results analyzed by GCMS and found the biofue produced more dominant is a constituent of gasoline fuel

Pembuatan Biodiesel Berbahan Baku CPO Menggunakan Reaktor Sentrifugal dengan Variasi Rasio Umpan dan Komposisi Katalis

One of many sources of alternative fuel is biodiesel . Biodiesel production cost is still quite expensive, it need a technology to reduce thecost of biodiesel production . Centrifugal reactor technology is one of the alternative technology of biodiesel production, which is very likely to be developed .Study of biodiesel production using palm oil as the feedstock, methanol as the reagent, and NaOH as catalyst.This research use centrifugal reactor as the reactor, which has a pre-heater for feed, feed tank and pumps. The study was conducted at the reaction temperature of 60ºC with a residence time in the reactor for 2 hours . CPO mixture , methanol , and a catalyst in the feed the reactor with variation in the molar methanol : CPO ( 3:1 , 6:1 , 9:1 , 12:1 ) and the variation of the composition of the catalyst ( 0.5, 0.75, 1 % - w ) . From the results of the study showed that the molar ratio and catalyst composition affects the speed of the reaction to reach equilibrium reaction . The results showed biodiesel using centrifugal reactor reaches a yield of 92.6 % under the conditions of 9:1 molar ratio with 0.75 %-w catalyst . Characteristics of biodiesel produced in the form of viscosity , density , acid number , and flash point of biodiesel are qualified as Indonesian standards of Biodiesel

Studi Polimerisasi Ester dari Asam Lemak Sawit Distilat (ALSD) Menggunakan Inisiator Benzoil Peroksida 0,1 %

Polyesters are polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. In this research, used raw materias were Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) and methanol. PFAD as a byproduct of the processed of palm oil has great potential to be used as raw material for polyester products. The purpose of this research was study polymerization of ester from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) using initiator of benzoyl peroxide 0,1%. There are two steps in this research, esterification reaction in the presence of sulfuric acid and the polymerization reaction with the help of benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Fixed variable used is the reactant composition of 1:8, speed of stirred 150 Rpm, composition of H2SO4 1% (w/w) PFAD and composition of benzoyl peroxide 0,1% (w/w) of methyl ester, while changed variable is the polymerization reaction time 3, 4 and 5 hours and polymerization reaction temperatures of 120, 130 and 140° C. Results of research on the esterification stage is obtained methyl ester with density 0,779 g/ml, viscosity 0,03746 cp and GC-MS analysis showed that the purity of methyl esters is 88,9%. GC-MS analysis sample after polymerization reaction showed that purity of methyl ester is 3,47%