Response to novel objects and foraging tasks by common marmoset (Callithrix Jacchus) female Pairs

Many studies have shown that environmental enrichment can significantly improve the psychological well-being of captive primates, increasing the occurrence of explorative behavior and thus reducing boredom. The response of primates to enrichment devices may be affected by many factors such as species, sex, age, personality and social context. Environmental enrichment is particularly important for social primates living in unnatural social groupings (i.e. same-sex pairs or singly housed animals), who have very few, or no, benefits from the presence of social companions in addition to all the problems related to captivity (e.g. increased inactivity). This study analyses the effects of enrichment devices (i.e. novel objects and foraging tasks) on the behavior of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) female pairs, a species that usually lives in family groups. It aims to determine which aspects of an enrichment device are more likely to elicit explorative behaviors, and how aggressive and stress-related behaviors are affected by its presence. Overall, the marmosets explored foraging tasks significantly longer than novel objects. The type of object, which varied in size, shape and aural responsiveness (i.e. they made a noise when the monkey touched them), did not affect the response of the monkeys, but they explored objects that were placed higher in the enclosure more than those placed lower down.Younger monkeys were more attracted to the enrichment devices than the older ones. Finally, stress-related behavior (i.e. scratching) significantly decreased when the monkeys were presented with the objects; aggressive behavior as unaffected. This study supports the importance of environmental enrichment for captive primates and shows that in marmosets its effectiveness strongly depends upon the height of the device in the enclosure and the presence of hidden food. The findings can be explained ifone considers the foraging behavior of wild common marmosets. Broader applications for the research findings are suggested in relation to enrichment

Comment les enseignants apprennent-ils de l’observation de leurs pairs ? Analyse de l’activité de vidéo-formation en ligne de professeurs stagiaires

International audienceSi les recherches portant sur les effets générés par diverses modalités de vidéoformation des enseignants sont nombreuses, rares sont celles qui s’attachent à décrire et expliquer les processus par lesquels les formés y construisent de nouvelles connaissances, et plus encore celles qui s’intéressent à l’apprentissage du travail lui-même et non au « seul » développement de compétences d’analyse et de compréhension (Gaudin & Chaliès, 2012). Menée dans un programme technologique en vidéoformation (Leblanc et al, 2008 ; Leblanc & Ria, 2010 ; Ria & Leblanc, 2011 ; Flandin & Ria, soumis b), dans le paradigme du cours d’action (Theureau, 2004), l’étude présentée ici a porté sur les utilisations et effets de la plateforme NéoPass@ction auprès de six enseignants stagiaires l’utilisant de façon autonome. Recueillies en situations d’allo-confrontation en ligne, puis en entretien a posteriori, les données renseignent les expériences vécues par ces novices et leurs modes de typification, donc d’apprentissage. Les résultats mettent à jour trois phénomènes : 1°) l’expérience qu’ils font par procuration de la situation vécue (ou commentée) par un pair, n’est significative qu’en cas : a) d’actualisation d’une préoccupation professionnelle ; b) de perception d’une forme d’activité virtuellement viable ; 2°) Dans le cas de cette viabilité perçue de la situation observée, la typification porte sur l’unité d’activité qui semble rendre la situation viable : un geste (à effectuer), un savoir sur le métier (à mobiliser), une règle (à suivre et à faire suivre) ou encore une forme d’activité syncrétique (à reproduire/recréer), et 3°) transforme le rapport intentionnel au travail voire le travail lui-même. Nous terminons en relativisant les résultats obtenus au dispositif étudié et en discutant leurs implications pour la conception de dispositifs de vidéoformation des enseignants

The changing immunology of organ transplantation

The engrafted organ becomes a chimera as the recipient's leukocytes station themselves in the transplant. Remarkably, the recipient becomes chimeric as well, in a reverse migration involving immune cells from the graft. Interactions between donor and recipient cells are tolerogenic-a process with implications for the goal of graft acceptance with minimal immunosuppression

Faculty

A new look at correcting errors in wills and other donative transfersAmerican Society of Comparative Law honors Eric Stein, \u2742At the Supreme Court: \u27I never thought it would happen so fast,\u27 Professor Richard D. Friedman says of the change in the law of confrontation that he championed. And graduate Jeffrey L. Fisher, \u2797, who worked with Friedman on teh successful argument before the U.S. Supreme Court, describes how clerking at the Court taught him that the Court is where first principles really come first

Chimerism and xenotransplantation: New concepts

In both transplant and infectious circumstances, the immune response is governed by migration and localization of the antigen. If the antigenic epitopes of transgenic xenografts are sufficiently altered to avoid evoking the destructive force of innate immunity, the mechanisms of engraftment should be the same as those that permit the chimerism-dependent immunologic confrontation and resolution that is the basis of alIograft acceptance. In addition to 'humanizing' the epitopes, one of the unanswered questions is whether the species restriction of complement described in 1994 by Valdivia and colleagues also necessitates the introduction of human complement regulatory genes in animal donors. Because the liver is the principal or sole source of most complement components, the complement quickly is transformed to that of the donor after hepatic transplantation. Thus, the need for complementary regulatory transgenes may vary according to the kind of xenograft used. Much evidence shows that physiologically important peptides produced by xenografts (e.g., insulin, clotting factors, and enzymes) are incorporated into the metabolic machinery of the recipient body. To the extent that this is not true, xenotransplantation could result in the production of diseases that are analogous to inborn errors of metabolism. In the climate of pessimism that followed the failures of baboon to human liver xenotransplantation in 1992-1993, it seemed inconceivable that the use of even more discordant donors, such as the pig, could ever be seriously entertained; however, this preceded insight into the xenogeneic and allogeneic barriers that has brought transplantation infectious immunity to common ground. With this new insight and the increasing ease of producing transgenic donors, the goal of clinical xenotransplantation may not be so distant

"Come s’uno schermo". Partecipazione a distanza, efficienza, garanzie, upgrade tecnologici

La nuova disciplina della partecipazione a distanza, introdotta dalla l. n. 103 del 2017, segna una svolta profonda nelle sintassi delle garanzie partecipative: la previsione, per default, di una modalità di aula giudiziaria “estesa” per lo svolgimento di ogni atto che comporti, a qualsiasi titolo, la partecipazione di soggetti in status custodiae per delitti particolarmente gravi muta in profondità le soglie qualitative dei modelli interrelazionali delle procedure giudiziarie e delle correlative garanzie. Il contributo si sofferma sulle risorse tecnologiche oggi adoperate nelle videoconferenze giudiziarie, avendo cura di raffrontarle con le ben più avanzate tecnologie già oggi disponibili in contesti extraprocessuali: l’incremento degli investimenti tecnologici circa gli apparati di supporto all’esame e alla partecipazione giudiziaria a distanza appare sentiero obbligato allo scopo di ridurre il gap, ancora cospicuo, tra le presenze fisiche e le modalità di telepresenza, così prevenendo rischi di ingiustificabili compressioni di primarie garanzie di contesto