Trap Response of Michigan Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) to the Feeding Attractants Acetic Acid, Isobutanol, and Heptyl Butyrate.

Nine species of social wasps were captured in traps baited with acetic acid, isobutanol, heptyl butyrate and combinations of acetic acid and either isobutanol or heptyl butyrate. Three yellowjacket species in the Vespula rufa species group were captured in traps (Vespula acadica (Sladen), Vespula consobrina (Saussure), Vespula vidua (Saussure)). They responded similarly, with attraction only to heptyl butyrate. Three yellowjacket species in the Vespula vulgaris species group were also captured in traps (Vespula vulgaris (L.), Vespula flavorpilosa Jacobson, Vespula maculifrons (Buyyson)). They responded similarly, with attraction primarily to the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. The bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata (L.), was attracted to acetic acid and was more strongly attracted to the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. The aerial yellowjacket, Dolichovespula arenaria (Fabr.), was attracted to isobutanol, and was more strongly attracted to the combination of acetic acid and isobutanol. These results add to our understanding of how to target various species of social wasps with chemical lures

Bi-acylation of cellulose: determining the relative reactivities of the acetyl and fatty-acyl moieties

The global reaction between acetic anhydride and a fatty acid yields, at equilibrium, an asymmetric acetic-aliphatic anhydride in a medium containing finally: acetic-fatty anhydride, acetic anhydride, fatty acid, acetic acid and fatty anhydride. No solvent or catalyst was used to evaluate the impact of the actual reactivity of the anhydrides. The competition between the formation of acetyl and fatty acyl ester functions was evaluated by determining the ratio of acetyl/fatty acyl groups grafted on solid cellulose. The influence of temperature, reaction time, and length of fatty chain on the total degree of substitution and on the ratio of acetyl/fatty acyl ester functions was investigated. For the first time, a correlation has been established between esterification and the length of the aliphatic chain of the fatty acid. Reactivity of the medium decreased with the number of carbons in the fatty acid, raised to the power 2.37

Recycling of waste engine oils using a new washing agent

This paper addresses recycling of waste engine oils treated using acetic acid. A recycling process was developed which eventually led to comparable results with some of the conventional methods. This gives the recycled oil the potential to be reused in cars' engines after adding the required additives. The advantage of using the acetic acid is that it does not react or only reacts slightly with base oils. The recycling process takes place at room temperature. It has been shown that base oils and oils' additives are slightly affected by the acetic acid. Upon adding 0.8 vol% of acetic acid to the used oil, two layers were separated, a transparent dark red colored oil and a black dark sludge at the bottom of the container. The base oils resulting from other recycling methods were compared to the results of this paper. The comparison showed that the recycled oil produced by acetic acid treatment is comparable to those recycled by the other conventional methods

Response surface methodology approach to study the influence of PEG and water in cellulose acetate dialysis membranes

Flat sheet asymmetric dialysis membranes were fabricated using phase inversion method from polymer solution consisting of cellulose acetate, acetic acid, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and distilled water. The effect of acetic acid/PEG ratio and the distilled water content in the dialysis membrane were being investigated with respect to the urea clearance performance. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments and analysed the results obtained. The analysis revealed that the significant factor that affects the cellulose acetate dialysis membrane performance in terms of urea clearance is the ratio of acetic acid/PEG. Dialysis membrane with higher ratio of acetic acid/PEG gives higher urea clearance percentage due to the formation of finger like macrovoids. The relation between the urea clearance and the ratio of acetic acid/PEG in the given range of 4 – 14, was a quadratic model and the mathematical model suggested could adequately describe the performance indicators within the limits mentioned

Two-parameter determination in vinegar by a flow injection-pervaporation system

A flow-injection method (FI) for the sequential determination of ethanol and acetic acid in vinegar is reported. The determination of ethanol is based on the oxidation of the pervaporated ethanol by Cr2O7K2. The acetic acid is determined by an acid-base reaction with Thymol Blue as the indicator. Both reactions are monitored photometrically at 600 nm using a single detector. Optimisation studies and assessment of the sequential FI method are also reported. The linear determination range is between 0-12 % (v/v) for ethanol and 0-10 % (grams of acetic acid in 100 ml) for acetic acid. The sample throughput of the sequential manifold is 7 per hour. The new method has been applied to vinegar samples and the results obtained are in excellent agreement with those from the reference methods used in Spain

Interactions with water of mixed acetic-fatty cellulose esters

Cellulose powder was acylated with mixtures containing acetic, fatty and acetic-fatty anhydrides to form acetic-fatty cellulose esters. The total degree of substitution (DS) of the mixed cellulose esters (MCE) ranged from 2x10-2 to 2.92. MCE were characterized by their interactions with water. Static contact angles with water were measured on a regular smooth surface. The values found were dependent on the fatty acyl content and independent of the acetyl content. In the case of acetic-oleic cellulose esters, the minimum DS of the oleoyl moiety required to obtain permanent water repellency was 3x10-4. The microporosity of the samples may account for this exceptional hydrophobic character. Nevertheless, water vapor adsorption measurements on powder samples revealed only a limited increase in hydrophobicity of the MCE compared to cellulose acetate with the same acetyl content. It was thus demonstrated that water repellency and vapor water adsorption are not correlated

Poly(vinyl chloride) polyacrylonitrile composite membranes for the dehydration of acetic acid

Composite membranes have been prepared consisting of a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) top layer on either a dense polyacrylonitrile (PAN) layer (bi-layer membrane) or a porous PAN support layer (normal composite membrane) and studied with respect to the dehydration of acetic acid. Especially, the influence of the surface porosity of the porous support layer on the selectivity and flux was studied and it was shown that the lower the surface porosity the higher the selectivity of the composite membrane, especially at high acetic acid concentrations in the feed. From the results it can be concluded that the support material does contribute to the selectivity. Despite the low surface porosity relatively high fluxes could be obtained. Using a feed composition of 80/20 wt.% acetic acid/water at 80°C selectivities of 182¿274 and fluxes of 0.56¿0.74 kg/m2-hr were obtained, and with a feed composition of 98/2 acetic acid/water selectivities of 206¿318 and fluxes of 0.14¿0.15 kg/m2-hr were obtained

Antioxidant Capacity Of Frangipani (Plumeria Alba) Powder Extract

This research aimed to identify the antioxidant capacity, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and total phenolic compounds of frangipani flower powder. The powder was extracted using ethanol, methanol, acetic acid, and water (aquadest). Antioxidant capacity of each extract were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method, vitamin C were determined using 2,4 Dinitrophenylhydrazine, and total phenolic compounds were determined using Folin Ciocalteu reagent. All of parameters were measured by spectrofotometer. The result shows that the highest value of antioxidant capacity was ethanolic extract (18.19%) and the lowest value was acetic acid extract (12.74%). The highest value of vitamin C was aqueous extract (3.49 mg/100g) and the lowest value was acetic acid extract (3.02 mg/100g). The highest value of total phenolic content was aqueous extract (25.49 mg GAE/g) and the lowest value was acetic acid extract (22.74 mg GAE/g). In conclusion, the higher antioxidant capacity was not always followed by the higher of vitamin C and total phenolic compounds

Dicarboxylic acid anhydride condensation with compounds containing active methylene groups. 4: Some 4-nitrophthalic anhydride condensation reactions

By 4-nitrophthalic anhydride condensation with acetoacetate in acetic anhydride and triethylamine solution with subsequent breakdown of the intermediate condensation product, 5-nitroindanedione-1,3 was obtained. A 4-nitrophthalic anhydride with acetic anhydride, according to reaction conditions, may yield two products: in the presence of potassium acetate and at high temperatures 4-(or 5-)-nitro-2-acetylbenzoic acid is formed: in the presence of triethylamine and at room temperature 5-( or 6-)-nitrophthalic acetic acid is isolated. A 4-nitrophthalic anhydride and malonic acid in pyridine solution according to temperature yield either 5-( or 6-)-nitrophthalic acetic acid or 4-(or 5-)-nitro-2-acetylbenzoic acid