A review on the factors influencing the adoption of new mobility technologies and services: autonomous vehicle, drone, micromobility and mobility as a service

New mobility technologies and services could address a series of transport-related problems such as pollution, congestion, unpleasant travel experiences, as well as first- and last-mile in-connectivity. Understanding the key factors influencing adoption and enablers is critical to the rollout of the new mobility technologies and services. The objective of this paper is to conduct a systematic review of the new mobility technologies and services, especially on autonomous vehicles, drones, micromobility and Mobility as a Service (MaaS). The ultimate goal is to gain a deeper insight into the factors that affect the adoption or preferences of these technologies and services and thus provide policy implications at the strategic level. The results of the review identified several (1) shared, (2) exclusive, (3) opposing and (4) mixed impacts factors that strongly influence the uptake of new mobilities. The synthesised finding will contribute to policy decisions, particularly regarding the sequencing of the launch and development priorities of new mobility technologies and services. To encourage the uptake of new mobility technologies and services, further promotion would benefit from (1) embedding a spatio-temporal perspective, (2) undertaking a careful market segmentation and (3) a careful segmentation of technology and services based on features, application contexts and purposes

Investigating Adoption Behavior of Owned and Shared Autonomous Vehicles: An Updated Technology Acceptance Model

Transportation systems will be likely transformed by the emergence of autonomous vehicles (AVs), either owned privately or used in a shared system (SAVs), which promise for safe, convenient, and efficient mobility, to name a few benefits to the society. The manifestation of (S)AV benefits, however, is still dubious due to the observed public reluctance, or at best neutrality, towards (S)AVs, especially SAVs. The public\u27s perception towards these innovations is still unclear, therefore, a gap remains in the analysis of individuals’ behavioral intention (BI) to use AVs and SAVs. To fill that gap, this study uses a behavioral psychology method. Specifically, an updated technology acceptance model (TAM) is proposed which includes the ad-hoc latent constructs (i.e., perceived usefulness, BI to use AVs, and BI to use SAVs) as well as new latent constructs explaining perceived concern about (S)AV safety, pro-drive attitude, green travel pattern, and shared-mobility experience. The proposed TAM is empirically estimated on dataset of the California Vehicle Survey collected by California Energy Commission in 2019. The study findings reveal the positive tendency of individuals who experience shared mobility services (e.g., Uber and Lyft) towards both AVs and SAVs. Also, those experiencing green travel (i.e., active travel modes) prefer SAVs over AVs. In addition, pro-drive persons enjoy driving themselves instead of being in control and have negative intentions towards both AVs and SAVs, especially SAVs. To capture heterogeneity of the individuals, the findings are further analyzed by connecting individuals’ tendencies to each latent construct to their socio-economic attributes. The insights provided by the present research study can be used in future policy decisions as well as studies on technological advances in automated vehicle design and development

A multi-analytical approach to studying customers motivations to use innovative totally autonomous vehicles

Increasing technological innovation means level 5 fully autonomous vehicle pods (AVPs) that do not require a human driver are approaching reality. However, the adoption of AVPs continues to lag behind predictions. In this paper, we draw on Mowen's (2000) 3M model taking a multi-analytical approach utilising PLS-SEM and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, to investigate how personality trait sets motivate consumers to adopt AVPs. Based on a survey of 551 US respondents, we identify four necessary traits and five combinations of traits that predict adoption. We contribute to consumer psychology theory by advancing the understanding of the motivational mechanisms of consumers’ adoption of autonomous vehicles that are triggered and operationalised by personality traits and conceptualising innovativeness as a complex multidimensional construct. From a managerial perspective, our findings highlight the significance of incorporating elements that are congruent with target customers’ personality traits, when designing, manufacturing and commercializing innovative products

Understanding customers’ attitude and intention to use driverless cars

The use of driverless cars is a future trend in road transportation and set to improve quality of life. Although marketing studies on technology acceptance are abundant and cross a variety of contexts, few studies investigate thoroughly the key factors influencing customers’ intention to use, and explicitly demonstrate the mechanisms in which each factor affect the acceptance of driverless cars. This research adds new knowledge to the body of marketing literature and studies in technology acceptance towards driverless cars. Specifically, this study extends cognition-oriented theories by integrating factors such as perceived enjoyment and perceived societal benefits into the new model to explain how individual perceptions impact user attitude and intention to use driverless cars. The research further uses the habit literature and integrates the status quo bias perspective to hypothesise that in addition to cognitive factors, incumbent system habit as a subconscious source of inertia that contribute to the resistance of adopting driverless cars lies in the use of a traditional automobile vehicle. Drawing on qualitative evidence from 13 interviewees, the key themes that influence customers’ perceptions towards driverless cars are disclosed, including perceived travel efficiency, enjoyment, helpfulness, and societal benefits. On the other side, technological issues, hacking and privacy issues, laggard regulations and policies, and concerns about the deterioration in driving skills are barriers to customers’ intention to use. The proposed conceptual model is empirically assessed using data collected from 493 potential customers through an online survey. The results illustrate the significant influences, in descending order, of attitude, perceived enjoyment, concerns, perceived travel efficiency and gender on customers’ intention to use, and also confirm perceived enjoyment, perceived societal benefits and age as strong factors in consumers’ attitude toward driverless cars. Incumbent system habit influences two paths among variables: 1) dampens the positive relationship between attitude and intention to use, and 2) strengthens the negative relationship between concerns and intention to use. Attitude is verified as a mediator between the perceived enjoyment and intention to use. Age differences are also revealed. There are practical implications too for research and development managers in the manufacturing process, and for marketing managers in the retail market

Predicting consumers’ intention to purchase fully autonomous driving systems : which factors drive acceptance?

This study aimed to find which factors influence consumers’ intention to purchase a fully autonomous driving system in the future and which perceived product characteristics influence the purchase intention and how. Therefore, an extension of the acceptance model of Driver Assistant Systems by Arndt (2011) is presented. It integrates perceived product characteristics specific to autonomous driving technology, to investigate which factors determine the acceptance of fully autonomous driving systems. The proposed model was empirically tested based on primary data collected in Germany. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to assess the reliability and validity of the measurement model. Further, structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the causal relationships. The findings indicated that Attitude toward buying, Subjective Norm and the perceived product characteristics Efficiency, Trust in Safety and Eco-Friendliness significantly influenced individuals’ behavioral intention to purchase driverless technology. The variables perceived Comfort, Image and Driving Enjoyment were not found to have a significant effect on behavioral intention. Attitude and Subjective Norm had the most significant influence. A somewhat surprising finding was that Subjective Norm not only had a direct effect on Behavioral Intention, as suggest by the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior, but also on Attitude

Toward a User Acceptance Model of Autonomous Driving

Autonomous driving is becoming the next big digital disruption in the automotive industry. However, the possibility of integrating autonomous driving vehicles into current transportation systems not only involves technological issues but also requires the acceptance and adoption of users. Therefore, this paper develops a conceptual model for user acceptance of autonomous driving vehicles. The corresponding model is tested through a standardized survey of 470 respondents in Germany. Finally, the findings are discussed in relation to the current developments in the automotive industry, and recommendations for further research are given

To Drive or not to Drive - A Critical Review regarding the Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles

With the advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs), research has put much effort in investigating the factors relevant for the acceptance of this new technology. In order to identify, critically assess, and combine extant findings, we performed a structured literature review regarding the acceptance of self-driving vehicles. Results of this review spanning 58 articles include (1) a comprehensive AV acceptance framework outlining significant factors across three areas: individual characteristics, vehicle characteristics and policy/society. We also (2) analyze the operationalization of relevant constructs and items in the identified studies as they strongly diverge in extant literature. This new level of detail helps researchers and practitioners to pervade and compare the AV acceptance research in-depth. Additionally, we contribute to the AV research stream as we (3) identify possible future research avenues, which we examine regarding content, method, and focus