X-Codes: Theory and Applications of Unknowable Inputs

Coordinated Science Laboratory was formerly known as Control Systems LaboratoryNSF / ACI-99-84492-CAREE

Fehlercharakterisierung zuverlässiger Schaltungen im Selbsttest

Hochintegrierte Schaltungen können immer kleiner, höher getaktet und energieeffizienter hergestellt werden, allerdings können bedingt durch diese technologischen Trends auch vermehrt Schwachstellen im System entstehen. Diese Schwachstellen führen oft während des Produktionstests nicht zu einem Fehlverhalten der Schaltung, während des Betriebs allerdings droht durch die steigende Anfälligkeit gegenüber intrinsischen und äußeren Störeinflüssen sowie Alterungseffekten ein vorzeitiger Ausfall der Schaltung. Solche Frühausfälle werden „Early-Life Fehler“ genannt und können mit einem Standard- Test ohne weitere Anpassungen nicht erkannt werden. Indikatoren für einen Frühausfall können intermittierende Fehler, aber auch kleine Verzögerungsfehler sein. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Selbsttest vorgestellt, der eine Fehlercharakterisierung zur Erkennung von Systemschwachstellen und Vermeidung von Frühausfällen, speziell solche, die sich als intermittierender Fehler oder kleiner Verzögerungsfehler auswirken, mit geringem Hardware- und Zeitaufwand mittels eines Standard-Tests ermöglicht. Hierzu wird im Selbsttest zunächst zwischen permanenten und nicht-permanenten Fehlern unterschieden und eine Klassifikation der nicht- permanenten Fehler mit Hilfe eines voran geschalteten Diagnoseverfahrens und Bayesschen Berechnungen durchgeführt. Hierdurch lässt sich die Produktqualität ohne zusätzliche Ausbeuteverluste erhöhen. Zusätzlich wird ein Test mit erhöhter Betriebsfrequenz vorgestellt, der im Selbsttest kleine Verzögerungsfehler erkennt.As a result of the fact, that todays integrated circuits have smaller features sizes, higher frequencies and are more energy efficient, weak spots can occur in the system. These weak spots can be undetected by the production test, but during system operation they can lead to hard failures, because of increasing susceptibility to intrinsic and external disturbances or aging effects. This early system breakdown is called „early-life failure“ and cannot be detected by a standard test without any adjustments. Indicators of early-life failures could be intermittent faults and also small delay defects. In this thesis a built-in self-test is presented, which characterizes faulty behavior to detect weak spots and avoid early-life failures, especially caused by intermittent faults or small delay defects, with low hardware and time overhead by using a standard test set. In a first step, the test procedure can distinguish between permanent and non-permanent faults. After that, a diagnosis process and Bayesian reasoning implement the classification of the non-permanent faults. With this procedure the product quality can be increased without additional yield loss. Furthermore a Faster-than-at-Speed-Test (FAST) will be introduced, which allows detecting SDDs in a built-in self-test environment without any changes in the ATPG flow.von Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Thomas Indlekofer ; Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sybille Hellebrand, Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ilia PolianTag der Verteidigung: 03.03.2016Fakultät für Elektrotechnik, Informatik und Mathematik der Universität Paderborn, Univ., Dissertation, 201

Life Support Baseline Values and Assumptions Document

The Baseline Values and Assumptions Document (BVAD) provides analysts, modelers, and other life support researchers with a common set of values and assumptions which can be used as a baseline in their studies. This baseline, in turn, provides a common point of origin from which many studies in the community may depart, making research results easier to compare and providing researchers with reasonable values to assume for areas outside their experience. This document identifies many specific physical quantities that define life support systems, serving as a general reference for spacecraft life support system technology developers

Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for the Mechanical Creation and Maintenance of Emergent Sandbar Habitat in the Riverine Segments of the Upper Missouri River, Vol. 1 and 2

This Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) analyzes the potential environmental consequences of implementing the Emergent Sandbar Habitat (ESH) program on the Upper Missouri River. The purpose of the ESH program is to support least tern and piping plover populations on the Missouri River by supplementing natural habitat through the mechanical creation and replacement of ESH. The PEIS allows the public, cooperating agencies (the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the National Park Service (NPS)), and Corps decision makers to compare impacts among a range of alternatives. The PEIS is meant to inform the selection of a preferred alternative that allows for the support of tern and plover populations on the Missouri River through creation and replacement of sufficient habitat in a safe, efficient and cost-effective manner, that minimizes negative environmental consequences. The ESH program is a part of the Corps’ Missouri River Recovery Program (MRRP). The PEIS is tiered from the Final EIS and Record of Decision for the Master Water Control Manual Review and Update (March 2004). The Corps has identified an Adaptive Management Implementation Process (AMIP) as the preferred alternative. The key concept to the AMIP is that rather than selecting a specific acreage alternative, actions would be progressively implemented until the desired biological response is attained and sustained. While the exact number of acres needed to be constructed and replaced is uncertain at this time, this document discloses the impacts associated with constructing and replacing up to the acreage of Alternative 3.5 (4,370 acres). As the level of habitats created reach lesser alternative acreages, an assessment of the biological response will be completed to determine if it indicates that adequate habitat is in place to support the species. If the desired tern and plover population and productivity levels are being met and sustained at lower acreage levels, these acreages would be maintained and biological metrics would continue to be monitored to ensure project success. The preferred AMIP alternative provides a flexible approach to meeting the biological metrics for the least tern and piping plover identified in the 2003 BiOp Amendment. The success of the preferred alternative in meeting the needs of the species will be evaluated annually and refined through monitoring, assessment and the use of predictive models through a formal Adaptive Management process. The Corps will be coordinating with the Cooperating Agencies (USFWS and NPS) on an ongoing basis to establish and refine the timeline to meet benchmark acres. The alternatives considered represent a range of ESH acreage goals from Alternative 1 (11,886 acres) through Alternative 5 (1,315 acres). Two “no action” alternatives are considered: 1) the implementation of the ESH Program at current levels of construction, approximately 150 acres per year (Existing Program), and 2) the environmental impacts of not implementing any construction program for ESH (No Program). The “no action” alternatives are consistent with the two definitions provided by the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) of “continuing with the present course of action” and “taking no action”, respectively [46 Fed. Reg. 18026 (March 23, 1981), as amended]. Neither of these levels of implementation meets the purpose and need for the project. As part of consultation with USFWS under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the Corps has made a commitment to work within its authorities to contribute to species recovery. Specifically addressed in this PEIS is the commitment to promote the recovery of the species in segments of the Missouri River identified in the 2000 BiOp, as amended (2003). However, “recovery” in the sense of de-listing the species from endangered or threatened status is outside of the scope of this document because the action area is just one portion of each of the birds’ ranges. Only Alternative 1 would fully meet proposed acreage recommendations for habitat goals of RPA IV(b)3 (11,886 acres); however, based on more recent monitoring data, the five remaining alternatives could reasonably meet biological metrics for the least tern and piping plover. In addition, all of the action alternatives require the creation of habitat within the 39-mile and 59-mile Districts of the Missouri National Recreational River (MNRR), potentially affecting the outstandingly remarkable values for which these Districts were originally designated for protection. The National Park Service (NPS) has expressed concerns that implementing the program within the MNRR may create unacceptably significant and permanent effects to the MNRR. The displayed alternatives provide a broad range of alternatives to evaluate the environmental consequences of, and benefits from, different acreage goals juxtaposed with the potentially conflicting agency missions. The lesser acreage alternatives minimize or avoid environmental impacts associated with implementation of the ESH program. This approach, in addition to being consistent with the CEQ’s guidance on reasonable alternatives currently outside an agency’s jurisdiction to implement, also allows the program to be developed in an Adaptive Management context where the flexibility to consider new information is an essential component for program implementation

Federal Register

Daily publication of the U.S. Office of the Federal Register contains rules and regulations, proposed legislation and rule changes, and other notices, including "Presidential proclamations and Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest" (p. ii). Table of Contents starts on page iii