When is electromagnetic spectrum fungible?

Fungibility is a common assumption for market-based spectrum management. In this paper, we explore the dimensions of practical fungibility of frequency bands from the point of view of the spectrum buyer who intends to use it. The exploration shows that fungibility is a complex, multidimensional concept that cannot casually be assumed. We develop two ideas for quantifying fungibility-(i) of a fungibility space in which the 'distance' between two slices of spectrum provides score of fungibility and (ii) a probabilistic score of fungibility. © 2012 IEEE

Корреляция между потенциальным уровнем электромагнитного загрязнения и опасностью COVID-19. 4G/5G/6G могут быть безопасными для людей

The paper considers a hypothesis concerned the possible influence of electromagnetic pollution of the environment on the lethality rate of the population from coronavirus infection, along with other factors. The hypothesis is indirectly confirmed by the correlation between the degree of rigidity of hygienic regulations of radio frequency electromagnetic background levels for the population, which are mainly created by mobile (cellular) communication systems, and the lethality rate from COVID-19 in various countries. A special measures to ensure the safety of rapid development of technologies, systems and services for mobile communications of the fourth (4G), fifth (5G), and, by 2030, the sixth (6G) generation, associated with an increase by several orders of magnitude in the number of radiating devices, the data transmission rates over radio frequency channels and the area capacity of mobile traffic, are discussed. For quantitative analysis of these processes, a practical method of worst-case estimation of electromagnetic background level generated by these systems has been developed, verified using the results of numerous measurements of the electromagnetic background in various countries, and described in this paper. This technique is based on the use of the integrated system characteristics of wireless information services and makes it possible to justify the necessary system, technical and managerial solutions aimed at ensuring the necessary level of electromagnetic ecology of populous areas and electromagnetic safety of people in conditions of rapid advancement of 4G/5G/6G systems without affecting the quality of informational support of the population and information technologies in economy, education, healthcare and other sectors.В работе рассматривается гипотеза о возможном, наряду с другими факторами, влияниина уровень смертности населения от коронавирусной инфекции уровня электромагнитного загрязнения среды обитания. Гипотеза косвенно подтверждается наличием корреляции между степенью жесткости гигиенического нормирования уровней радиочастотного электромагнитного фона для населения, главным источником которого являются системы мобильной (сотовой) связи, и уровнем смертности от COVID-19 в различных странах. Обсуждаются специальные меры по обеспечению безопасногобыстрого развития технологий, систем и услуг мобильной связи четвертого (4G), пятого (5G), а к 2030 году и шестого (6G) поколения, связанного с увеличением на несколько порядков числа излучающих устройств, скорости передачи данных по радиочастотным каналам и территориальной плотности трафика мобильной связи. Для количественного анализа этих процессов развита и верифицирована с использованием результатов многочисленных измерений электромагнитного фона в различных странах практическая методика пессимистической оценки уровня электромагнитного фона, создаваемогоэтими системами, основные положения которой излагаются в данной работе. Данная методика основана на использовании интегральных системных характеристик беспроводного информационного обслуживания общества и позволяет обосновать необходимые системные, технические и организационные решения, направленные на обеспечение необходимого уровня электромагнитной экологии населенных территорий и электромагнитной безопасности населения в условиях быстрого развития систем 4G/5G/6G без ущерба информационному обслуживанию населения и информационным технологиям в экономике, образовании, здравоохранении и других областях

Analysis of power line communications for last-hop backhaul in small cells deployment

Publicado en: :(2019-04-05),(José A. Cortes, Francisco J. Cañete, Matías Toril, Luis Díez, Alicia García-Mozos, "Analysis of power line communications for last-hop backhaul in small cells deployment", in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, 2019.),yEditor(IEEE)The purpose of this work is to study the feasibility of using power line communications (PLC) over outdoor public lighting networks (OPLN) for last-hop backhaul in small cell deployment. The analysis is based on actual noise measurements performed in two OPLN in the city of Málaga (Spain) and on a bottom-up channel simulator, which has been designed according to the physical characteristics and the common practices in such kind of networks. Estimations of the bit-rate achieved by PLC systems following the ITU-T Rec. G.9960 (G.hn) standard, are performed and discussed. Results indicate that PLC is a promising solution for this application.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Electromagnetic Background Generated by Mobile (Cellular) Communications

A practical technique for the worst-case evaluation of levels of electromagnetic background generated by cellular communication systems is proposed. It is based on the analysis of the average electromagnetic loading on area created by base and mobile subscriber's stations, and on the prediction of the area traffic capacity created by wireless information services supported by cellular communications. Such evaluations are very important for supporting the intersystem EMC, electromagnetic safety and ecological compatibility of 4G/5G/6G system

Massive MIMO for Next Generation Wireless Systems

Multi-user Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) offers big advantages over conventional point-to-point MIMO: it works with cheap single-antenna terminals, a rich scattering environment is not required, and resource allocation is simplified because every active terminal utilizes all of the time-frequency bins. However, multi-user MIMO, as originally envisioned with roughly equal numbers of service-antennas and terminals and frequency division duplex operation, is not a scalable technology. Massive MIMO (also known as "Large-Scale Antenna Systems", "Very Large MIMO", "Hyper MIMO", "Full-Dimension MIMO" & "ARGOS") makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios. This paper presents an overview of the massive MIMO concept and contemporary research.Comment: Final manuscript, to appear in IEEE Communications Magazin

The Case for Liberal Spectrum Licenses: A Technical and Economic Perspective

The traditional system of radio spectrum allocation has inefficiently restricted wireless services. Alternatively, liberal licenses ceding de facto spectrum ownership rights yield incentives for operators to maximize airwave value. These authorizations have been widely used for mobile services in the U.S. and internationally, leading to the development of highly productive services and waves of innovation in technology, applications and business models. Serious challenges to the efficacy of such a spectrum regime have arisen, however. Seeing the widespread adoption of such devices as cordless phones and wi-fi radios using bands set aside for unlicensed use, some scholars and policy makers posit that spectrum sharing technologies have become cheap and easy to deploy, mitigating airwave scarcity and, therefore, the utility of exclusive rights. This paper evaluates such claims technically and economically. We demonstrate that spectrum scarcity is alive and well. Costly conflicts over airwave use not only continue, but have intensified with scientific advances that dramatically improve the functionality of wireless devices and so increase demand for spectrum access. Exclusive ownership rights help direct spectrum inputs to where they deliver the highest social gains, making exclusive property rules relatively more socially valuable. Liberal licenses efficiently accommodate rival business models (including those commonly associated with unlicensed spectrum allocations) while mitigating the constraints levied on spectrum use by regulators imposing restrictions in traditional licenses or via use rules and technology standards in unlicensed spectrum allocations.

Influence of Base Stations Radiation Patterns on the Level of the Outdoor Electromagnetic Background Created by Mobile (Cellular) Communications

Base stations (BS) radiation is the main source of electromagnetic background generated by mobile (cellular) communications. The known technique for estimating an average intensity of background generated by BS radiation takes into account the directivity of BS antennas in a simplified form, assuming that the width of the main lobe of the radiation pattern is equal to the width of BS servicing sector and not taking into account the radiation directivity in vertical plane. Noted simplifications determine too pessimistic nature of these estimations. The paper contains results of the refined analysis of this problem using a two-level models of antenna radiation patterns, which give the actual values of the width of antennas main lobe in horizontal and vertical planes, the relative levels of side lobes and the ratio of radiation power of the main and side lobes. The analysis was performed both for stationary sector antennas of cellular communication systems and for adaptive phased antenna arrays of 4G/5G systems capable of providing service using narrow beams. Obtained results reduce by 5-15 dB the degree of pessimism provided by known techniques in the estimation of the average levels of electromagnetic background created by BS radiations near the Earth's surface

ОЦЕНКА УРОВНЯ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ФОНА, СОЗДАВАЕМОГО БЕСПРОВОДНЫМИ СИСТЕМАМИ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ, НА ОСНОВЕ ПРОГНОЗА ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОЙ ПЛОТНОСТИ ТРАФИКА

A technique for estimating the level of the electromagnetic background created by wireless information services for the population is proposed. This technique is based on the forecast of the total traffic terrestrial density created by these systems, which is connected with the level of electromagnetic loading on territory in observation point vicinity; the quality of intranetwork electromagnetic compatibility, the radiochannels spectral efficiency and degree of development of their infrastructure are also taken into account.Предложена методика оценки уровня электромагнитного фона, создаваемого беспроводными системами информационного обслуживания населения, на основе прогноза суммарной территориальной плотности трафика, определяющей уровень электромагнитной нагрузки на территорию в месте наблюдения, с учетом качества обеспечения внутрисетевой электромагнитной совместимости, спектральной эффективности радиоканалов этих систем и степени развитости их инфраструктуры

Estimation of intensity of electromagnetic background, created by wireless systems of public information services, on the base of forecast of traffic terrestrial density

Предложена методика оценки уровня электромагнитного фона, создаваемого беспроводными системами информационного обслуживания населения, на основе прогноза суммарной территориальной плотности трафика, определяющей уровень электромагнитной нагрузки на территорию в месте наблюдения, с учетом качества обеспечения внутрисетевой электромагнитной совместимости, спектральной эффективности радиоканалов этих систем и степени развитости их инфраструктуры