An Emotional Analysis of False Information in Social Media and News Articles

[EN] Fake news is risky since it has been created to manipulate the readers' opinions and beliefs. In this work, we compared the language of false news to the real one of real news from an emotional perspective, considering a set of false information types (propaganda, hoax, clickbait, and satire) from social media and online news articles sources. Our experiments showed that false information has different emotional patterns in each of its types, and emotions play a key role in deceiving the reader. Based on that, we proposed a LSTM neural network model that is emotionally-infused to detect false news.The work of the second author was partially funded by the Spanish MICINN under the research project MISMISFAKEnHATE on Misinformation and Miscommunication in social media: FAKEnews and HATE speech (PGC2018-096212B-C31).Ghanem, BHH.; Rosso, P.; Rangel, F. (2020). An Emotional Analysis of False Information in Social Media and News Articles. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology. 20(2):1-18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3381750S118202Magda B. Arnold. 1960. Emotion and Personality. Columbia University Press. Magda B. Arnold. 1960. Emotion and Personality. Columbia University Press.Bhatt, G., Sharma, A., Sharma, S., Nagpal, A., Raman, B., & Mittal, A. (2018). Combining Neural, Statistical and External Features for Fake News Stance Identification. Companion of the The Web Conference 2018 on The Web Conference 2018 - WWW ’18. doi:10.1145/3184558.3191577Castillo, C., Mendoza, M., & Poblete, B. (2011). Information credibility on twitter. Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web - WWW ’11. doi:10.1145/1963405.1963500Chakraborty, A., Paranjape, B., Kakarla, S., & Ganguly, N. (2016). Stop Clickbait: Detecting and preventing clickbaits in online news media. 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). doi:10.1109/asonam.2016.7752207Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3-4), 169-200. doi:10.1080/02699939208411068Ghanem, B., Rosso, P., & Rangel, F. (2018). Stance Detection in Fake News A Combined Feature Representation. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER). doi:10.18653/v1/w18-5510Hochreiter, S., & Schmidhuber, J. (1997). Long Short-Term Memory. Neural Computation, 9(8), 1735-1780. doi:10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735Karadzhov, G., Nakov, P., Màrquez, L., Barrón-Cedeño, A., … Koychev, I. (2017). Fully Automated Fact Checking Using External Sources. RANLP 2017 - Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing Meet Deep Learning. doi:10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_046Kumar, S., West, R., & Leskovec, J. (2016). Disinformation on the Web. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web. doi:10.1145/2872427.2883085Li, X., Meng, W., & Yu, C. (2011). T-verifier: Verifying truthfulness of fact statements. 2011 IEEE 27th International Conference on Data Engineering. doi:10.1109/icde.2011.5767859Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303-330. doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2Plutchik, R. (2001). The Nature of Emotions. American Scientist, 89(4), 344. doi:10.1511/2001.4.344Popat, K., Mukherjee, S., Strötgen, J., & Weikum, G. (2016). Credibility Assessment of Textual Claims on the Web. Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. doi:10.1145/2983323.2983661Poria, S., Gelbukh, A., Hussain, A., Howard, N., Das, D., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2013). Enhanced SenticNet with Affective Labels for Concept-Based Opinion Mining. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 28(2), 31-38. doi:10.1109/mis.2013.4Rangel, F., & Rosso, P. (2016). On the impact of emotions on author profiling. Information Processing & Management, 52(1), 73-92. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2015.06.003Rashkin, H., Choi, E., Jang, J. Y., Volkova, S., & Choi, Y. (2017). Truth of Varying Shades: Analyzing Language in Fake News and Political Fact-Checking. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. doi:10.18653/v1/d17-1317Ruchansky, N., Seo, S., & Liu, Y. (2017). CSI. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. doi:10.1145/3132847.3132877Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2009). The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 24-54. doi:10.1177/0261927x09351676Volkova, S., Shaffer, K., Jang, J. Y., & Hodas, N. (2017). Separating Facts from Fiction: Linguistic Models to Classify Suspicious and Trusted News Posts on Twitter. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers). doi:10.18653/v1/p17-2102Zhao, Z., Resnick, P., & Mei, Q. (2015). Enquiring Minds. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web. doi:10.1145/2736277.274163

A Model for Personalized Keyword Extraction from Web Pages using Segmentation

The World Wide Web caters to the needs of billions of users in heterogeneous groups. Each user accessing the World Wide Web might have his / her own specific interest and would expect the web to respond to the specific requirements. The process of making the web to react in a customized manner is achieved through personalization. This paper proposes a novel model for extracting keywords from a web page with personalization being incorporated into it. The keyword extraction problem is approached with the help of web page segmentation which facilitates in making the problem simpler and solving it effectively. The proposed model is implemented as a prototype and the experiments conducted on it empirically validate the model's efficiency.Comment: 6 Pages, 2 Figure

Intellectual Property Research: From the Dustiest Law Book to the Most Far off Database

This issue of IDEA introduces a regular series of articles on intellectual property research tools and strategies based on my experience for over a decade as Intellectual Property Librarian and Research Professor at Franklin Pierce Law Center. Pierce Law is consistently ranked among the top law schools training IP professionals. I have taught IP legal research, patent, trademark and copyright searching to hundreds of students and IP professionals in Pierce Law Graduate Programs. I have tackled hundreds of reference and research questions as well as working on countless projects requiring IP information. So I have been faced with challenges and changes common to consumers of IP information. What are the types of data IP researchers seek? What are the options for access to such data? How do we evaluate the access points? What is the value added to our information access choices? The mission of this series is to present tools and strategies and answers some of these consumer questions within evaluative frameworks appropriate to the tools under consideration. Each information acquisition choice is made on a moment-by-moment basis subject to the press of business. Choices are made by the totality of the circumstances. Pressures and factors such as time and money often drive information consumption and will be acknowledged and addressed in the series. Despite the intense growth of IP as a legal specialty, the widespread focus on IP in other disciplines outside the law and the increasing use of non-legal data such as patent statistical indicators, little has been written on IP research. There are no dedicated treatises or periodicals on IP legal research. There are no comprehensive treatises on patent, trademark or copyright searching. The intent of this series is not scholarship and footnotes. The intent is to provide some helpful tools and strategies to those performing IP research on the spectrum from law to facts. So, the phrase IP research in this introduction, unless otherwise specified, refers to the acquisition all types of IP information by the full range of consumers

The British Geological Survey's new Geomagnetic Data Web Service

Increasing demand within the geomagnetism community for high quality real-time or near-real-time observatory data means there is a requirement for data producers to have a robust and scalable data processing infrastructure capable of delivering geomagnetic data products over the Internet in a variety of formats. We describe a new software system, developed at BGS, which will allow access to our geomagnetic data products both within our organisation's intranet and over the Internet. We demonstrate how the system is designed to afford easy access to the data by a wide range of software clients and allow rapid development of software utilizing our observatory data

The internet milieu: individualization within a globalised community

Communication technologies have become deeply embedded in our lives, mediating the ways in which information is presented. Due to the global nature of this channel of communication, the world has shrunk and members of the internet may share similar cultural norms of thinking and behaving. Yet, paradoxically, the Internet is personal in that each individual has an interactive opportunity in choosing the options that can expand the breadth and depth of the information they are reading, who they interact with, and the means to achieve that interaction. These options can be expressed through a variety of media techniques. This paper is based on a study of selected websites hosted in English. It looks at language use in the Internet and illustrates the paradoxes between global and individual mediations of meanin

Optimizing genetics online resources for diverse readers.

PurposeClear and accurate genetic information should be available to health-care consumers at an individualized level of comprehension. The objective of this study is to evaluate the complexity of common online resources and to simplify text content using automated text processing tools.MethodsWe extracted all text from Genetics Home Reference and MedlinePlus in bulk and analyzed content using natural language processing. We applied custom tools to improve the readability and compared readability before and after text optimization.ResultsCommonly used educational materials were more complex than the recommended reading level for the general public. Genetic health information entries from Genetics Home Reference (n = 1279) were written at a median 13.0 grade level. MedlinePlus entries, which are not exclusively genetic (n = 1030), had a median grade level of 7.7. When we optimized text for the 59 actionable conditions by prioritizing medical details using a standard structure, the average reading grade level improved.ConclusionFactors that increase complexity are long sentences and difficult words. Future strategies to reduce complexity include prioritizing relevant details and using more illustrations. Simplifying and providing standardized online health resources would benefit diverse consumers and promote inclusivity

Courseware in academic library user education: A literature review from the GAELS Joint Electronic Library Project

The use of courseware for information skills teaching in academic libraries has been growing for a number of years. In order to create effective courseware packages to support joint electronic library activity at Glasgow and Strathclyde Universities, the GAELS project conducted a literature review of the subject. This review discovered a range of factors common to successful library courseware implementations, such as the need for practitioners to feel a sense of ownership of the medium, a need for courseware customization to local information environments, and an emphasis on training packages for large bodies of undergraduates. However, we also noted underdeveloped aspects worthy of further attention, such as treatment of pedagogic issues in library computer‐aided learning (CAL) implementations and use of hypertextual learning materials for more advanced information skills training. We describe how these findings shaped the packages produced by the project and suggest ways forward for similar types of implementation

Credibility of Health Information and Digital Media: New Perspectives and Implications for Youth

Part of the Volume on Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility. This chapter considers the role of Web technologies on the availability and consumption of health information. It argues that young people are largely unfamiliar with trusted health sources online, making credibility particularly germane when considering this type of information. The author suggests that networked digital media allow for humans and technologies act as "apomediaries" that can be used to steer consumers to high quality health information, thereby empowering health information seekers of all ages