99 research outputs found

    Patient-specific virtual reality simulation : a patient-tailored approach of endovascular aneurysm repair

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    Apport de l'assistance par ordinateur lors de la pose d'endoprothĂšse aortique

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    The development of endovascular aortic procedures is growing. These mini-invasive techniques allow a reduction of surgical trauma, usually important in conventional open surgery. The technical limitations of endovascular repair are pushed to special aortic localizations which were in the past decade indication for open repair. Success and efficiency of such procedures are based on the development and the implementation of decision-making tools. This work aims to improve endovascular procedures thanks to a better utilization of pre and intraoperative imaging. This approach is in the line with the framework of computer-assisted surgery whose concepts are applied to vascular surgery. The optimization of endograft deployment is considered in three steps. The first part is dedicated to preoperative imaging analysis and shows the limits of the current sizing tools. The accuracy of a new measurement criterion is assessed (outer curvature length). The second part deals with intraoperative imaging and shows the contribution of augmented reality in endovascular aortic repair. In the last part, image guided surgery on soft tissues is addressed, especially the arterial deformations occurring during endovascular procedures which disprove rigid registration in fusion imaging. The use of finite element simulation to deal with this issue is presented. We report an original approach based on a predictive model of deformations using finite element simulation with geometrical and anatomo-mechanical patient specific parameters extracted from the preoperative CT-scan.Les techniques endovasculaires, particuliĂšrement pour l’aorte, sont en plein essor en chirurgie vasculaire. Ces techniques mini-invasives permettent de diminuer l’agression chirurgicale habituellement importante lors de la chirurgie conventionnelle. Les limites techniques sont repoussĂ©es Ă  certaines localisations de l’aorte qui Ă©taient il y a encore peu de temps inaccessibles aux endoprothĂšses. Le succĂšs et l’efficience de ces interventions reposent en partie sur l'Ă©laboration et la mise en Ɠuvre de nouveaux outils d'aide Ă  la dĂ©cision. Ce travail entend contribuer Ă  l’amĂ©lioration des procĂ©dures interventionnelles aortiques grĂące Ă  une meilleure exploitation de l’imagerie prĂ© et peropĂ©ratoire. Cette dĂ©marche s’inscrit dans le cadre plus gĂ©nĂ©ral des Gestes MĂ©dico-Chirurgicaux AssistĂ©s par Ordinateur, dont les concepts sont revisitĂ©s pour les transposer au domaine de la chirurgie endovasculaire. Trois axes sont dĂ©veloppĂ©s afin de sĂ©curiser et optimiser la pose d'endoprothĂšse. Le premier est focalisĂ© sur l’analyse prĂ©opĂ©ratoire du scanner (sizing) et montre les limites des outils de mesure actuels et Ă©value la prĂ©cision d’un nouveau critĂšre de mesure des longueurs de l’aorte (courbure externe). Le deuxiĂšme axe se positionne sur le versant peropĂ©ratoire et montre la contribution de la rĂ©alitĂ© augmentĂ©e dans la pose d’une endoprothĂšse aortique. Le troisiĂšme axe s’intĂ©resse au problĂšme plus gĂ©nĂ©ral des interventions sur les tissus mous et particuliĂšrement aux dĂ©formations artĂ©rielles qui surviennent au cours des procĂ©dures interventionnelles qui mettent en dĂ©faut le recalage rigide lors de la fusion d’images. Nous prĂ©sentons une approche originale basĂ©e sur un modĂšle numĂ©rique de prĂ©diction des dĂ©formations qui utilise la simulation par Ă©lĂ©ments finis en y intĂ©grant des paramĂštres gĂ©omĂ©triques et anatomo-mĂ©caniques spĂ©cifique-patient extraits du scanner prĂ©opĂ©ratoire

    Microbubbles in vascular imaging

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    Ultrasound is integral in diagnostic imaging of vascular disease. It is a common first line imaging modality in the detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and carotid atherosclerosis. The therapeutic use of ultrasound in vascular disease is also clinically established through ultrasound thrombolysis for acute DVT. Contrast agents are widely used in other imaging modalities, however, contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) using microbubbles remains a largely specialist clinical investigation with truly established roles in hepatic imaging only. Aim The aim of this thesis was to investigate diagnostic and therapeutic roles of CEUS in vascular disease. Diagnostically, carotid plaque characteristics were evaluated for stroke risk stratification in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Therapeutically, microbubble augmented ultrasound thrombolysis was investigated in-vitro as a novel technique for acute thrombus removal in the prevention of post thrombotic syndrome. Methods A validated in-vitro flow model of DVT was adapted and developed for a formal feasibility study of microbubble augmented ultrasound thrombolysis. Two cross sectional studies of patients with 50-99% carotid stenosis were performed assessing firstly, plaque ulceration and secondly plaque perfusion using CEUS. Results Using commercially available microbubbles and ultrasound platform, significantly improved thrombus dissolution was demonstrated using CEUS over ultrasound alone in the in-vitro flow model of acute DVT. In particular, increased destruction of the thrombus fibrin mesh network was observed. CEUS demonstrated greater sensitivity than carotid duplex in the detection of carotid plaque ulceration with a trend toward symptomatic carotid plaques. A reduced plaque perfusion detected by both semi-qualitative and quantitative analysis was associated with a symptomatic status in patients with a 50-99% stenosis. Conclusion CEUS is a viable adjunct to vascular imaging with ultrasound. Microbubble augmented ultrasound thrombolysis is a feasible, non-invasive, non-irradiating intervention which warrants further investigation in-vivo. Carotid plaque CEUS may contribute to future scoring systems in stroke risk stratification but requires prospective validation.Open Acces

    Case series of breast fillers and how things may go wrong: radiology point of view

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    INTRODUCTION: Breast augmentation is a procedure opted by women to overcome sagging breast due to breastfeeding or aging as well as small breast size. Recent years have shown the emergence of a variety of injectable materials on market as breast fillers. These injectable breast fillers have swiftly gained popularity among women, considering the minimal invasiveness of the procedure, nullifying the need for terrifying surgery. Little do they know that the procedure may pose detrimental complications, while visualization of breast parenchyma infiltrated by these fillers is also deemed substandard; posing diagnostic challenges. We present a case series of three patients with prior history of hyaluronic acid and collagen breast injections. REPORT: The first patient is a 37-year-old lady who presented to casualty with worsening shortness of breath, non-productive cough, central chest pain; associated with fever and chills for 2-weeks duration. The second patient is a 34-year-old lady who complained of cough, fever and haemoptysis; associated with shortness of breath for 1-week duration. CT in these cases revealed non thrombotic wedge-shaped peripheral air-space densities. The third patient is a 37‐year‐old female with right breast pain, swelling and redness for 2- weeks duration. Previous collagen breast injection performed 1 year ago had impeded sonographic visualization of the breast parenchyma. MRI breasts showed multiple non- enhancing round and oval shaped lesions exhibiting fat intensity. CONCLUSION: Radiologists should be familiar with the potential risks and hazards as well as limitations of imaging posed by breast fillers such that MRI is required as problem-solving tool

    Using the Fringe Field of MRI Scanner for the Navigation of Microguidewires in the Vascular System

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    Le traitement du cancer, la prĂ©vention des accidents vasculaires cĂ©rĂ©braux et le diagnostic ou le traitement des maladies vasculaires pĂ©riphĂ©riques sont tous des cas d'application d'interventions Ă  base de cathĂ©ter par le biais d'un traitement invasif minimal. Cependant, la pratique du cathĂ©tĂ©risme est gĂ©nĂ©ralement pratiquĂ©e manuellement et dĂ©pend fortement de l'expĂ©rience et des compĂ©tences de l'interventionniste. La robotisation du cathĂ©tĂ©risme a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e pour faciliter la procĂ©dure en augmentant les niveaux d’autonomie par rapport Ă  cette pratique clinique. En ce qui concerne ce problĂšme, un des problĂšmes concerne le placement super sĂ©lectif du cathĂ©ter dans les artĂšres plus Ă©troites nĂ©cessitant une miniaturisation de l'instrument cathĂ©ter / fil de guidage attachĂ©. Un microguide qui fonctionne dans des vaisseaux sanguins Ă©troits et tortueux subit diffĂ©rentes forces mĂ©caniques telles que le frottement avec la paroi du vaisseau. Ces forces peuvent empĂȘcher la progression de la pointe du fil de guidage dans les vaisseaux. Une mĂ©thode proposĂ©e consiste Ă  appliquer une force de traction Ă  la pointe du microguide pour diriger et insĂ©rer le dispositif tout en poussant l’instrument attachĂ© Ă  partir de l’autre extrĂ©mitĂ© n’est plus pratique, et Ă  exploiter le gradient du champ de franges IRM surnommĂ© Fringe Field Navigation (FFN ) est proposĂ©e comme solution pour assurer cet actionnement. Le concept de FFN repose sur le positionnement d'un patient sur six DOF dans le champ pĂ©riphĂ©rique du scanner IRM afin de permettre un actionnement directionnel pour la navigation du fil-guide. Ce travail rend compte des dĂ©veloppements requis pour la mise en oeuvre de la FFN et l’étude du potentiel et des possibilitĂ©s qu’elle offre au cathĂ©tĂ©risme, en veillant au renforcement de l’autonomie. La cartographie du champ de franges d'un scanner IRM 3T est effectuĂ©e et la structure du champ de franges en ce qui concerne son uniformitĂ© locale est examinĂ©e. Une mĂ©thode pour la navigation d'un fil de guidage le long d'un chemin vasculaire souhaitĂ© basĂ©e sur le positionnement robotique du patient Ă  six DOF est dĂ©veloppĂ©e. Des expĂ©riences de FFN guidĂ©es par rayons X in vitro et in vivo sur un modĂšle porcin sont effectuĂ©es pour naviguer dans un fil de guidage dans la multibifurcation et les vaisseaux Ă©troits. Une caractĂ©ristique unique de FFN est le haut gradient du champ magnĂ©tique. Il est dĂ©montrĂ© in vitro et in vivo que cette force surmonte le problĂšme de l'insertion d'un fil microguide dans des vaisseaux tortueux et Ă©troits pour permettre de faire avancer le fil-guide avec une distale douce au-delĂ  de la limite d'insertion manuelle. La robustesse de FFN contre les erreurs de positionnement du patient est Ă©tudiĂ©e en relation avec l'uniformitĂ© locale dans le champ pĂ©riphĂ©rique. La force Ă©levĂ©e du champ magnĂ©tique disponible dans le champ de franges IRM peut amener les matĂ©riaux magnĂ©tiques doux Ă  son Ă©tat de saturation. Ici, le concept d'utilisation d'un ressort est prĂ©sentĂ© comme une alternative vi dĂ©formable aux aimants permanents solides pour la pointe du fil-guide. La navigation d'un microguide avec une pointe de ressort en structure vasculaire complexe est Ă©galement rĂ©alisĂ©e in vitro. L'autonomie de FFN en ce qui concerne la planification d'une procĂ©dure avec autonomie de tĂąche obtenue dans ce travail augmente le potentiel de FFN en automatisant certaines Ă©tapes d'une procĂ©dure. En conclusion, FFN pour naviguer dans les microguides dans la structure vasculaire complexe avec autonomie pour effectuer le positionnement du patient et contrĂŽler l'insertion du fil de guidage - avec dĂ©monstration in vivo dans un modĂšle porcin - peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme un nouvel outil robotique facilitant le cathĂ©tĂ©risme vasculaire. tout en aidant Ă  cibler les vaisseaux lointains dans le systĂšme vasculaire.----------ABSTRACT Treatment of cancer, prevention of stroke, and diagnosis or treatment of peripheral vascular diseases are all the cases of application of catheter-based interventions through a minimal-invasive treatment. However, performing catheterization is generally practiced manually, and it highly depends on the experience and the skills of the interventionist. Robotization of catheterization has been investigated to facilitate the procedure by increasing the levels of autonomy to this clinical practice. Regarding it, one issue is the super selective placement of the catheter in the narrower arteries that require miniaturization of the tethered catheter/guidewire instrument. A microguidewire that operates in narrow and tortuous blood vessels experiences different mechanical forces like friction with the vessel wall. These forces can prevent the advancement of the tip of the guidewire in the vessels. A proposed method is applying a pulling force at the tip of the microguidewire to steer and insert the device while pushing the tethered instrument from the other end is no longer practical, and exploiting the gradient of the MRI fringe field dubbed as Fringe Field Navigation (FFN) is proposed as a solution to provide this actuation. The concept of FFN is based on six DOF positioning of a patient in the fringe field of the MRI scanner to enable directional actuation for the navigation of the guidewire. This work reports on the required developments for implementing FFN and investigating the potential and the possibilities that FFN introduces to the catheterization, with attention to enhancing the autonomy. Mapping the fringe field of a 3T MRI scanner is performed, and the structure of the fringe field regarding its local uniformity is investigated. A method for the navigation of a guidewire along a desired vascular path based on six DOF robotic patient positioning is developed. In vitro and in vivo x-ray Guided FFN experiments on a swine model of are performed to navigate a guidewire in the multibifurcation and narrow vessels. A unique feature of FFN is the high gradient of the magnetic field. It is demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that this force overcomes the issue of insertion of a microguidewire in tortuous and narrow vessels to enable advancing the guidewire with a soft distal beyond the limit of manual insertion. Robustness of FFN against the error in the positioning of the patient is investigated in relation to the local uniformity in the fringe field. The high strength of the magnetic field available in MRI fringe field can bring soft magnetic materials to its saturation state. Here, the concept of using a spring is introduced as a deformable alternative to solid permanent magnets for the tip of the guidewire. Navigation of a microguidewire with a viii spring tip in complex vascular structure is also performed in vitro. The autonomy of FFN regarding planning a procedure with Task Autonomy achieved in this work enhances the potential of FFN by automatization of certain steps of a procedure. As a conclusion, FFN to navigate microguidewires in the complex vascular structure with autonomy in performing tasks of patient positioning and controlling the insertion of the guidewire – with in vivo demonstration in swine model – can be considered as a novel robotic tool for facilitating the vascular catheterization while helping to target remote vessels in the vascular system
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