19 research outputs found
Criptografía ligera en internet de las cosas para la industria
La Criptografía Ligera o Liviana (Lightweight Cryptography) es uno de los temas de actualidad de la Criptología. Una gran variedad de algoritmos “livianos” han sido diseñados para garantizar Confidencialidad, Autenticidad e Integridad de los datos en dispositivos de lo que se ha dado en llamar Internet de las Cosas (IoT por sus siglas en inglés). Algunos de ellos surgen del ámbito académico y se aplican en la Industria; otros son propietarios, desarrollados por las empresas para satisfacer sus requerimientos de seguridad. En este trabajo se presenta el estado del arte de algunos de tales algoritmos empleados en diferentes dispositivos IoT. Se describen brevemente sus características criptológicas generales y se muestran los diferentes ataques a los que fueron sometidos. Finalmente se enumeran algunas de las tendencias para el diseño e implementación de dichas primitivas.VIII Workshop Seguridad informática.Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informátic
Criptografía ligera en internet de las cosas para la industria
La Criptografía Ligera o Liviana (Lightweight Cryptography) es uno de los temas de actualidad de la Criptología. Una gran variedad de algoritmos “livianos” han sido diseñados para garantizar Confidencialidad, Autenticidad e Integridad de los datos en dispositivos de lo que se ha dado en llamar Internet de las Cosas (IoT por sus siglas en inglés). Algunos de ellos surgen del ámbito académico y se aplican en la Industria; otros son propietarios, desarrollados por las empresas para satisfacer sus requerimientos de seguridad. En este trabajo se presenta el estado del arte de algunos de tales algoritmos empleados en diferentes dispositivos IoT. Se describen brevemente sus características criptológicas generales y se muestran los diferentes ataques a los que fueron sometidos. Finalmente se enumeran algunas de las tendencias para el diseño e implementación de dichas primitivas.VIII Workshop Seguridad informática.Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informátic
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography
Lightweight cryptography has been one of the ``hot topics'' in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products.
In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a ``lightweight'' algorithm is usually designed to satisfy. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (\nist{}...) and international (\textsc{iso/iec}...) standards are listed.
We then discuss some trends we identified in the design of lightweight algorithms, namely the designers' preference for \arx{}-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs and simple key schedules.
Finally, we argue that lightweight cryptography is too large a field and that it should be split into two related but distinct areas: \emph{ultra-lightweight} and \emph{IoT} cryptography. The former deals only with the smallest of devices for which a lower security level may be justified by the very harsh design constraints. The latter corresponds to low-power embedded processors for which the \aes{} and modern hash function are costly but which have to provide a high level security due to their greater connectivity
Multi-Factor Authentication: A Survey
Today, digitalization decisively penetrates all the sides of the modern society. One of the key enablers to maintain this process secure is authentication. It covers many different areas of a hyper-connected world, including online payments, communications, access right management, etc. This work sheds light on the evolution of authentication systems towards Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) starting from Single-Factor Authentication (SFA) and through Two-Factor Authentication (2FA). Particularly, MFA is expected to be utilized for human-to-everything interactions by enabling fast, user-friendly, and reliable authentication when accessing a service. This paper surveys the already available and emerging sensors (factor providers) that allow for authenticating a user with the system directly or by involving the cloud. The corresponding challenges from the user as well as the service provider perspective are also reviewed. The MFA system based on reversed Lagrange polynomial within Shamir’s Secret Sharing (SSS) scheme is further proposed to enable more flexible authentication. This solution covers the cases of authenticating the user even if some of the factors are mismatched or absent. Our framework allows for qualifying the missing factors by authenticating the user without disclosing sensitive biometric data to the verification entity. Finally, a vision of the future trends in MFA is discussed.Peer reviewe
Where's Crypto?: Automated Identification and Classification of Proprietary Cryptographic Primitives in Binary Code
The continuing use of proprietary cryptography in embedded systems across
many industry verticals, from physical access control systems and
telecommunications to machine-to-machine authentication, presents a significant
obstacle to black-box security-evaluation efforts. In-depth security analysis
requires locating and classifying the algorithm in often very large binary
images, thus rendering manual inspection, even when aided by heuristics, time
consuming.
In this paper, we present a novel approach to automate the identification and
classification of (proprietary) cryptographic primitives within binary code.
Our approach is based on Data Flow Graph (DFG) isomorphism, previously proposed
by Lestringant et al. Unfortunately, their DFG isomorphism approach is limited
to known primitives only, and relies on heuristics for selecting code fragments
for analysis. By combining the said approach with symbolic execution, we
overcome all limitations of their work, and are able to extend the analysis
into the domain of unknown, proprietary cryptographic primitives. To
demonstrate that our proposal is practical, we develop various signatures, each
targeted at a distinct class of cryptographic primitives, and present
experimental evaluations for each of them on a set of binaries, both publicly
available (and thus providing reproducible results), and proprietary ones.
Lastly, we provide a free and open-source implementation of our approach,
called Where's Crypto?, in the form of a plug-in for the popular IDA
disassembler.Comment: A proof-of-concept implementation can be found at
https://github.com/wheres-crypto/wheres-crypt
From Physical to Cyber: Escalating Protection for Personalized Auto Insurance
Nowadays, auto insurance companies set personalized insurance rate based on
data gathered directly from their customers' cars. In this paper, we show such
a personalized insurance mechanism -- wildly adopted by many auto insurance
companies -- is vulnerable to exploit. In particular, we demonstrate that an
adversary can leverage off-the-shelf hardware to manipulate the data to the
device that collects drivers' habits for insurance rate customization and
obtain a fraudulent insurance discount. In response to this type of attack, we
also propose a defense mechanism that escalates the protection for insurers'
data collection. The main idea of this mechanism is to augment the insurer's
data collection device with the ability to gather unforgeable data acquired
from the physical world, and then leverage these data to identify manipulated
data points. Our defense mechanism leveraged a statistical model built on
unmanipulated data and is robust to manipulation methods that are not foreseen
previously. We have implemented this defense mechanism as a proof-of-concept
prototype and tested its effectiveness in the real world. Our evaluation shows
that our defense mechanism exhibits a false positive rate of 0.032 and a false
negative rate of 0.013.Comment: Appeared in Sensys 201
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography
Lightweight cryptography has been one of the hot topics in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products.
In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a lightweight algorithm is usually designed to satisfy in both the software and the hardware case. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (NIST...) and international (ISO/IEC...) standards are listed.
We identified several trends in the design of lightweight algorithms, such as the designers\u27 preference for ARX-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs or simpler key schedules. We also discuss more general trade-offs facing the authors of such algorithms and suggest a clearer distinction between two subsets of lightweight cryptography. The first, ultra-lightweight cryptography, deals with primitives fulfilling a unique purpose while satisfying specific and narrow constraints. The second is ubiquitous cryptography and it encompasses more versatile algorithms both in terms of functionality and in terms of implementation trade-offs
Automotive firmware extraction and analysis techniques
An intricate network of embedded devices, called Electronic Control Units (ECUs), is responsible for the functionality of a modern vehicle. Every module processes a myriad of information and forwards it on to other nodes on the network, typically an automotive bus such as the Controller Area Network (CAN). Analysing embedded device software, and automotive in particular, brings many challenges.
The analyst must, especially in the notoriously secretive automotive industry, first lift the ECU firmware from the hardware, which typically prevents unauthorised access. In this thesis, we address this problem in two ways:
- We detail and bypass the access control mechanism used in diagnostic protocols in ECU firmware. Using existing diagnostic functionality, we present a generic technique to download code to RAM and execute it, without requiring physical access to the ECU. We propose a generic firmware readout framework on top of this, which only requires access to the CAN bus.
- We analyse various embedded bootloaders and combine dynamic analysis with low-level hardware fault attacks, resulting in several fault-injection attacks which bypass on-chip readout protection.
We then apply these firmware extraction techniques to acquire immobiliser firmware by two different manufacturers, from which we reverse engineer the DST80 cipher and present it in full detail here. Furthermore, we point out flaws in the key generation procedure, also recovered from the ECU firmware, leading to a full key recovery based on publicly readable transponder pages
Ein mehrschichtiges sicheres Framework für Fahrzeugsysteme
In recent years, significant developments were introduced within the vehicular domain, evolving the vehicles to become a network of many embedded systems distributed throughout the car, known as Electronic Control Units (ECUs). Each one of these ECUs runs a number of software components that collaborate with each other to perform various vehicle functions. Modern vehicles are also equipped with wireless communication technologies, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and so on, giving them the capability to interact with other vehicles and roadside infrastructure. While these improvements have increased the safety of the automotive system, they have vastly expanded the attack surface of the vehicle and opened the door for new potential security risks. The situation is made worse by a lack of security mechanisms in the vehicular system which allows the escalation of a compromise in one of the non-critical sub-systems to threaten the safety of the entire vehicle and its passengers. This dissertation focuses on providing a comprehensive framework that ensures the security of the vehicular system during its whole life-cycle. This framework aims to prevent the cyber-attacks against different components by ensuring secure communications among them. Furthermore, it aims to detect attacks which were not prevented successfully, and finally, to respond to these attacks properly to ensure a high degree of safety and stability of the system.In den letzten Jahren wurden bedeutende Entwicklungen im Bereich der Fahrzeuge vorgestellt, die die Fahrzeuge zu einem Netzwerk mit vielen im gesamten Fahrzeug verteile integrierte Systeme weiterentwickelten, den sogenannten Steuergeräten (ECU, englisch = Electronic Control Units). Jedes dieser Steuergeräte betreibt eine Reihe von Softwarekomponenten, die bei der Ausführung verschiedener Fahrzeugfunktionen zusammenarbeiten. Moderne Fahrzeuge sind auch mit drahtlosen Kommunikationstechnologien wie WiFi, Bluetooth usw. ausgestattet, die ihnen die Möglichkeit geben, mit anderen Fahrzeugen und der straßenseitigen Infrastruktur zu interagieren. Während diese Verbesserungen die Sicherheit des Fahrzeugsystems erhöht haben, haben sie die Angriffsfläche des Fahrzeugs erheblich vergrößert und die Tür für neue potenzielle Sicherheitsrisiken geöffnet. Die Situation wird durch einen Mangel an Sicherheitsmechanismen im Fahrzeugsystem verschärft, die es ermöglichen, dass ein Kompromiss in einem der unkritischen Subsysteme die Sicherheit des gesamten Fahrzeugs und seiner Insassen gefährdet kann. Diese Dissertation konzentriert sich auf die Entwicklung eines umfassenden Rahmens, der die Sicherheit des Fahrzeugsystems während seines gesamten Lebenszyklus gewährleistet. Dieser Rahmen zielt darauf ab, die Cyber-Angriffe gegen verschiedene Komponenten zu verhindern, indem eine sichere Kommunikation zwischen ihnen gewährleistet wird. Darüber hinaus zielt es darauf ab, Angriffe zu erkennen, die nicht erfolgreich verhindert wurden, und schließlich auf diese Angriffe angemessen zu reagieren, um ein hohes Maß an Sicherheit und Stabilität des Systems zu gewährleisten
Lightweight symmetric cryptography
The Internet of Things is one of the principal trends in information
technology nowadays. The main idea behind this concept is that devices
communicate autonomously with each other over the Internet. Some of
these devices have extremely limited resources, such as power and energy,
available time for computations, amount of silicon to produce the chip,
computational power, etc. Classical cryptographic primitives are often
infeasible for such constrained devices. The goal of lightweight
cryptography is to introduce cryptographic solutions with reduced resource
consumption, but with a sufficient security level.
Although this research area was of great interest to academia during the
last years and a large number of proposals for lightweight cryptographic
primitives have been introduced, almost none of them are used in real-word.
Probably one of the reasons is that, for academia, lightweight usually
meant to design cryptographic primitives such that they require minimal
resources among all existing solutions. This exciting research problem
became an important driver which allowed the academic community to better
understand many cryptographic design concepts and to develop new attacks.
However, this criterion does not seem to be the most important one for
industry, where lightweight may be considered as "rightweight". In other
words, a given cryptographic solution just has to fit the constraints of
the specific use cases rather than to be the smallest. Unfortunately,
academic researchers tended to neglect vital properties of the particular
types of devices, into which they intended to apply their primitives. That
is, often solutions were proposed where the usage of some resources was
reduced to a minimum. However, this was achieved by introducing new costs
which were not appropriately taken into account or in such a way that the
reduction of costs also led to a decrease in the security level. Hence,
there is a clear gap between academia and industry in understanding what
lightweight cryptography is. In this work, we are trying to fill some of
these gaps. We carefully investigate a broad number of existing lightweight
cryptographic primitives proposed by academia including authentication
protocols, stream ciphers, and block ciphers and evaluate their
applicability for real-world scenarios. We then look at how individual
components of design of the primitives influence their cost and summarize
the steps to be taken into account when designing primitives for concrete
cost optimization, more precisely - for low energy consumption. Next, we
propose new implementation techniques for existing designs making them more
efficient or smaller in hardware without the necessity to pay any
additional costs. After that, we introduce a new stream cipher design
philosophy which enables secure stream ciphers with smaller area size than
ever before and, at the same time, considerably higher throughput compared
to any other encryption schemes of similar hardware cost. To demonstrate
the feasibility of our findings we propose two ciphers with the smallest
area size so far, namely Sprout and Plantlet, and the most energy
efficient encryption scheme called Trivium-2. Finally, this thesis solves
a concrete industrial problem. Based on standardized cryptographic
solutions, we design an end-to-end data-protection scheme for low power
networks. This scheme was deployed on the water distribution network in the
City of Antibes, France