151 research outputs found

    A systematic review of the use of Deep Learning in Satellite Imagery for Agriculture

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    Agricultural research is essential for increasing food production to meet the requirements of an increasing population in the coming decades. Recently, satellite technology has been improving rapidly and deep learning has seen much success in generic computer vision tasks and many application areas which presents an important opportunity to improve analysis of agricultural land. Here we present a systematic review of 150 studies to find the current uses of deep learning on satellite imagery for agricultural research. Although we identify 5 categories of agricultural monitoring tasks, the majority of the research interest is in crop segmentation and yield prediction. We found that, when used, modern deep learning methods consistently outperformed traditional machine learning across most tasks; the only exception was that Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Networks did not consistently outperform Random Forests (RF) for yield prediction. The reviewed studies have largely adopted methodologies from generic computer vision, except for one major omission: benchmark datasets are not utilised to evaluate models across studies, making it difficult to compare results. Additionally, some studies have specifically utilised the extra spectral resolution available in satellite imagery, but other divergent properties of satellite images - such as the hugely different scales of spatial patterns - are not being taken advantage of in the reviewed studies.Comment: 25 pages, 2 figures and lots of large tables. Supplementary materials section included here in main pd

    Improvement in Land Cover and Crop Classification based on Temporal Features Learning from Sentinel-2 Data Using Recurrent-Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN)

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    Understanding the use of current land cover, along with monitoring change over time, is vital for agronomists and agricultural agencies responsible for land management. The increasing spatial and temporal resolution of globally available satellite images, such as provided by Sentinel-2, creates new possibilities for researchers to use freely available multi-spectral optical images, with decametric spatial resolution and more frequent revisits for remote sensing applications such as land cover and crop classification (LC&CC), agricultural monitoring and management, environment monitoring. Existing solutions dedicated to cropland mapping can be categorized based on per-pixel based and object-based. However, it is still challenging when more classes of agricultural crops are considered at a massive scale. In this paper, a novel and optimal deep learning model for pixel-based LC&CC is developed and implemented based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) in combination with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) using multi-temporal sentinel-2 imagery of central north part of Italy, which has diverse agricultural system dominated by economic crop types. The proposed methodology is capable of automated feature extraction by learning time correlation of multiple images, which reduces manual feature engineering and modeling crop phenological stages. Fifteen classes, including major agricultural crops, were considered in this study. We also tested other widely used traditional machine learning algorithms for comparison such as support vector machine SVM, random forest (RF), Kernal SVM, and gradient boosting machine, also called XGBoost. The overall accuracy achieved by our proposed Pixel R-CNN was 96.5%, which showed considerable improvements in comparison with existing mainstream methods. This study showed that Pixel R-CNN based model offers a highly accurate way to assess and employ time-series data for multi-temporal classification tasks

    Despeckling of Multitemporal Sentinel SAR Images and Its Impact on Agricultural Area Classification

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    This chapter addresses an important practical task of classification of multichannel remote sensing data with application to multitemporal dual-polarization Sentinel radar images acquired for agricultural regions in Ukraine. We first consider characteristics of dual-polarization Sentinel radar images and discuss what kind of filters can be applied to such data. Several examples of denoising are presented with analysis of what properties of filters are desired and what can be provided in practice. It is also demonstrated that the use of preliminary denoising produces improvement of classification accuracy where despeckling that is more efficient in terms of standard filtering criteria results in better classification

    Rice crop classification and yield estimation using multi-temporal sentinel-2 data: a case study of Terai districts of Nepal

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    Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial TechnologiesCrop monitoring, especially in developing countries, can improve food production, address food security issues, and support sustainable development goals. Crop type mapping and yield estimation are the two major aspects of crop monitoring that remain challenging due to the problem of timely and adequate data availability. Existing approaches rely on ground-surveys and traditional means which are time-consuming and costly. In this context, we introduce the use of freely available Sentinel-2 (S2) imagery with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution to classify crop and estimate its yield through a deep learning approach. In particular, this study uses patch-based 2D and 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms to map rice crop and predict its yield in the Terai districts of Nepal. Firstly, the study reviews the existing state-of-art technologies in this field and selects suitable CNN architectures. Secondly, the selected architectures are implemented and trained using S2 imagery, groundtruth and auxiliary data in addition for yield estimation.We also introduce a variation in the chosen 3D CNN architecture to enhance its performance in estimating rice yield. The performance of the models is validated and then evaluated using performance metrics namely overall accuracy and F1-score for classification and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for yield estimation. In consistency with the existing works, the results demonstrate recommendable performance of the models with remarkable accuracy, indicating the suitability of S2 data for crop mapping and yield estimation in developing countries. Reproducibility self-assessment (https://osf.io/j97zp/): 2, 2, 2, 1, 2 (input data, preprocessing, methods, computational environment, results)

    Advancements in Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Data Analysis Techniques for Precision Agriculture

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    L'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen

    Feasibility of Remote Sensing Based Deep Learning in Crop Yield Prediction

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    In this dissertation the applicability of novel machine learning methods with remote sensing data was studied in the context of agricultural decision support systems in smart farming. The main focus was the utilization of high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data to perform in-season crop yield estimation with spatial and spatio-temporal deep learning model architectures in a Finnish coastal habitat. While open-access satellite data has already been utilized in crop-related modelling, such as crop type classification and yield prediction, intra-field scale prediction for the smaller fields common in the Nordic countries requires images with higher resolution than currently available from open-access satellite systems. In addition to using UAV remote sensing data, various combinations of crop field related sensor data, data from open-access sources and satellite data were evaluated. Data quality is also an important aspect with remote sensing data, with high altitude satellite-based earth observation suffering from occasional obstructions by the cloud canopy. A decision tree model was employed to estimate cloud coverage by using UAV data as cloudless ground truth. In this dissertation it is shown that crop yield prediction with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is feasible with high-resolution UAV data and produces results accurate enough for performing corrective farming actions in-season. Using UAV data time series not only improves the modelling performance (post-season prediction) with high-resolution UAV RGB data but also improves the predictive capabilities (in-season prediction). Furthermore, the use of various data sources for crop yield prediction in addition to UAV RGB data is shown to improve the predictive capabilities of the model. In summary, the use of deep learning techniques can be seen to improve the smart farming decision support pipeline by providing performant and reliable decision engines

    The Application of an Unmanned Aerial System and Machine Learning Techniques for Red Clover-Grass Mixture Yield Estimation under Variety Performance Trials

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    A significant trend has developed with the recent growing interest in the estimation of aboveground biomass of vegetation in legume-supported systems in perennial or semi-natural grasslands to meet the demands of sustainable and precise agriculture. Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are a powerful tool when it comes to supporting farm-scale phenotyping trials. In this study, we explored the variation of the red clover-grass mixture dry matter (DM) yields between temporal periods (one- and two-year cultivated), farming operations [soil tillage methods (STM), cultivation methods (CM), manure application (MA)] using three machine learning (ML) techniques [random forest regression (RFR), support vector regression (SVR), and artificial neural network (ANN)] and six multispectral vegetation indices (VIs) to predict DM yields. The ML evaluation results showed the best performance for ANN in the 11-day before harvest category (R2 = 0.90, NRMSE = 0.12), followed by RFR (R2 = 0.90 NRMSE = 0.15), and SVR (R2 = 0.86, NRMSE = 0.16), which was furthermore supported by the leave-one-out cross-validation pre-analysis. In terms of VI performance, green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), green difference vegetation index (GDVI), as well as modified simple ratio (MSR) performed better as predictors in ANN and RFR. However, the prediction ability of models was being influenced by farming operations. The stratified sampling, based on STM, had a better model performance than CM and MA. It is proposed that drone data collection was suggested to be optimum in this study, closer to the harvest date, but not later than the ageing stage
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