Technology Directions for the 21st Century, volume 1

For several decades, semiconductor device density and performance have been doubling about every 18 months (Moore's Law). With present photolithography techniques, this rate can continue for only about another 10 years. Continued improvement will need to rely on newer technologies. Transition from the current micron range for transistor size to the nanometer range will permit Moore's Law to operate well beyond 10 years. The technologies that will enable this extension include: single-electron transistors; quantum well devices; spin transistors; and nanotechnology and molecular engineering. Continuation of Moore's Law will rely on huge capital investments for manufacture as well as on new technologies. Much will depend on the fortunes of Intel, the premier chip manufacturer, which, in turn, depend on the development of mass-market applications and volume sales for chips of higher and higher density. The technology drivers are seen by different forecasters to include video/multimedia applications, digital signal processing, and business automation. Moore's Law will affect NASA in the areas of communications and space technology by reducing size and power requirements for data processing and data fusion functions to be performed onboard spacecraft. In addition, NASA will have the opportunity to be a pioneering contributor to nanotechnology research without incurring huge expenses

State of Utah v. Donald Dunlap: Reply Brief of Appellant

Appeal from the Fifth District Court, Washington County, State of Utah, From a conviction of driving under the influence, a third degree felony, before the honorable judge James L. Shumat

State v. Nevarez Appellant\u27s Brief Dckt. 34902

https://digitalcommons.law.uidaho.edu/idaho_supreme_court_record_briefs/2767/thumbnail.jp

Rules of Weight

A central assumption of modern evidence law is that its rules are rules of admissibility only. That is, they tell judges whether or not a given piece of evidence may be viewed by the factfinder, but they do not purport to tell the finder of fact how to evaluate the evidence once admitted. One can imagine, however, a system of rules that helps factfinders weigh evidence by instructing them, for instance, that the law considers a class of evidence (say, hearsay) to be of “low weight.” In fact, such rules — rules of weight — are an old idea with roots in Roman law. But they have long been ignored by evidence scholars or, when considered, judged to be anachronistic and deeply inconsistent with a system of trial by jury. This Article argues that such hostility to rules of weight is unjustified and that their use should be taken seriously as a possible direction for evidence reform. Given that jury trials are now increasingly rare and that, when a jury is used, its discretion is already constrained in a number of ways, the orthodox view of rules of weight now itself seems outdated. Furthermore, there are reasons to think that such rules could be beneficial for forensic factfinding. The past use of them by courts, their current role in administrative adjudication, and recent research in cognitive psychology all suggest ways in which rules of weight could make factfinding fairer, more efficient, and, most important, more accurate. Such benefits make the Supreme Court\u27s recent condemnation of the use of rules of weight in the administrative context that much more difficult to justify. Reprinted by permission of the publisher

Rules of Weight

A central assumption of modern evidence law is that its rules are rules of admissibility only. That is, they tell judges whether or not a given piece of evidence may be viewed by the factfinder, but they do not purport to tell the finder of fact how to evaluate the evidence once admitted. One can imagine, however, a system of rules that helps factfinders weigh evidence by instructing them, for instance, that the law considers a class of evidence (say, hearsay) to be of “low weight.” In fact, such rules — rules of weight — are an old idea with roots in Roman law. But they have long been ignored by evidence scholars or, when considered, judged to be anachronistic and deeply inconsistent with a system of trial by jury. This Article argues that such hostility to rules of weight is unjustified and that their use should be taken seriously as a possible direction for evidence reform. Given that jury trials are now increasingly rare and that, when a jury is used, its discretion is already constrained in a number of ways, the orthodox view of rules of weight now itself seems outdated. Furthermore, there are reasons to think that such rules could be beneficial for forensic factfinding. The past use of them by courts, their current role in administrative adjudication, and recent research in cognitive psychology all suggest ways in which rules of weight could make factfinding fairer, more efficient, and, most important, more accurate. Such benefits make the Supreme Court\u27s recent condemnation of the use of rules of weight in the administrative context that much more difficult to justify. Reprinted by permission of the publisher

Characterization of ultrathin gate dielectrics and multilayer charge injection barriers

Since the invention of the first integrated circuit, the semiconductor industry has distinguished itself by a phenomenally rapid pace of improvements in device performance. This trend of ever smaller and faster devices is a result of the ability to exponentially reduce feature sizes of integrated circuits, a trend commonly known as scaling . A reduction of overall feature sizes requires a simultaneous reduction in the thickness of the gate dielectric, SiO2, of a MOSFET. Gate oxides in the ultrathin regime (\u3c35 A) feature a large direct tunneling leakage current. The presence of this leakage current requires a reevaluation of standard characterization techniques as well as a reevaluation of the continued usefulness of SiO2 as the gate dielectric of choice for future applications. On the other hand, a thorough understanding of the dynamics of ultrathin oxides opens up a range of future device applications that were not possible with thicker oxides. Capacitance-voltage characterization has been the standard technique to study the electrical properties and interface quality of MOS devices. However, the presence of a large leakage current in ultrathin oxides distorts standard C-V measurements, rendering this technique no longer useful. In this work, a leakage compensated charge measurement is developed to overcome this difficulty. This technique produces static C-V curves, even for oxides as thin as 24 A, thereby permitting C-V characterization well into the direct tunneling regime. As an extension of this leakage problem, the usefulness of SiO2 as the gate dielectric of choice for future CMOS devices has been called into question. One solution - but not the only - calls for a new dielectric to replace SiO2 for future gate applications. This research presents some of the earliest results ever on the electrical properties of MOCVD and ALCVD hafnium oxides as a potential candidate. Electrical characterization revealed that the devices have characteristics such as large leakage currents, dielectric charging under stress, hysteresis and a large flatband voltage shift that is commonly found in materials such as the one that was investigated in this work. As one example of future device applications that become possible due to the scaling of ultrathin oxides, silicon-based multilayer charge injection barriers have been investigated. These barriers consist of alternating layers of ultrathin SiO2 and Si. The electrical properties of these structures were studied in detail and revealed that they can be used as an active tunnel dielectric in nonvolatile memory devices

Coolant side heat transfer with rotation. Task 3 report: Application of computational fluid dynamics

An experimental and analytical program was conducted to investigate heat transfer and pressure losses in rotating multipass passages with configurations and dimensions typical of modern turbine blades. The objective of this program is the development and verification of improved analysis methods that will form the basis for a design system that will produce turbine components with improved durability. As part of this overall program, a technique is developed for computational fluid dynamics. The specific objectives were to: select a baseline CFD computer code, assess the limitations of the baseline code, modify the baseline code for rotational effects, verify the modified code against benchmark experiments in the literature, and to identify shortcomings in the code as revealed by the verification. The Pratt and Whitney 3D-TEACH CFD code was selected as the vehicle for this program. The code was modified to account for rotating internal flows, and these modifications were evaluated for flow characteristics of those expected in the application. Results can make a useful contribution to blade internal cooling

State of Utah v. Dax Brant Hammer : Brief of Appellee

BRIEF OF APPELLEE APPEAL FROM A CONVICTION FOR POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE (METHAMPHETAMINE) WITHIN 1,000 FEET OF A PUBLIC PARK, A SECOND DEGREE FELONY, IN VIOLATION OF UTAH CODE ANN. §§ 58-37-8(2)(a)(i) (Supp. 1996) AND 58-37-5(a)(v)(ix) (1996), IN THE FIFTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, WASHINGTON COUNTY, THE HONORABLE JAMES L. SHUMATE, PRESIDIN