68,204 research outputs found

    Main Consequences of Prior Export Performance Results: An Exploratory Study of European Exporters

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    With the exception of the work of Lages and colleagues, the international marketing literature has been examining performance exclusively as a dependent variable. This exploratory study builds on this emerging body of literature to discuss the main outcomes of performance, as it is expressed through the perceptions of European export managers. According to the results of a cross-national study of Portuguese and British exporting firms, this paper indicates that the main consequences of previous performance results are: a) need to seek performance improvement as a result of bad performance, b) maintain strategy as a result of good performance, c) market diversification, d) focus on competition, e) product diversification, f) quality, and more attention to g) macro and h) micro factors. Future international marketing research is encouraged to investigate performance as an independent variable.Export Marketing; Export Performance; Cross-National; Qualitative

    For public service or money : understanding geographical imbalances in the health workforce

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    Geographical imbalances in the health workforce have been a consistent feature of nearly all health systems, especially in developing countries. The authors investigate the willingness to work in a rural area among final year nursing and medical students in Ethiopia. Analyzing data obtained from contingent valuation questions, they find that household consumption and the student's motivation to help the poor, which is their proxy for intrinsic motivation, are the main determinants of willingness to work in a rural area. The authors investigate who are willing to help the poor and find that women are significantly more likely to help than men. Other variables, including a rich set of psycho-social characteristics, are not significant. Finally, the authors carry out some simulations on how much it would cost to make the entire cohort of starting nurses and doctors choose to take up a rural post.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Health Systems Development&Reform,Educational Sciences,Economic Theory&Research,Housing&Human Habitats

    For public service or money: Understanding geographical imbalances in the health workforce in Ethiopia

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    Geographical imbalances in the health workforce have been a consistent feature of nearly all health systems, and especially in developing countries. In this paper we investigate the willingness to work in a rural area among final year nursing and medical students in Ethiopia. Analyzing data obtained from contingent valuation questions, we find that household consumption and the student’s motivation to help the poor, which is our proxy for intrinsic motivation, are the main determinants of willingness to work in a rural area. We investigate whoe is willing to help the poor and find that women are significantly more likely than men. Other variables, including a rich set of psychosocial characteristics, are not significant. Finally, we carry out some simulation on how much it would cost to make the entire cohort of starting nurses and doctors chooseto take up a rural post.Health care delivery, health workers, labour supply, public service

    Interviewers' and Respondents' Joint Production of Response Quality in Openended Questions: A Multilevel Negativebinomial Regression Approach

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    Open-ended questions are an important methodological tool for social science researchers, but they suffer from large variations in response quality. In this contribution, we discuss the state of research and develop a systematic approach to the mechanisms of quality generation in open-ended questions, examining the effects from respondents and interviewers as well as those arising from their interactions. Using data from an open-ended question on associations with foreigners living in Germany from the ALLBUS 2016, we first apply a two-level negative binomial regression to model influences on response quality on the interviewer and respondent level and their interaction. In a second regression analysis, we assess how qualitative variation (information entropy) in responses on the interviewer level is related to interviewer characteristics and data quality. We find that respondents' education, age, gender, motivation and topic interest influence response quality. The interviewer-related variance in response length is 36%. Whereas interviewer characteristics (age, gender, education, experience) do not have a direct effect, they impact on response quality due to interactions between interviewer and respondent characteristics. Notably, an interviewer's experience has a positive effect on response quality only in interaction with highly educated respondents

    Assessing the efficacy of integrating human resource development with organization strategy as a precursor to strategic management in the Eastern Cape Legislature (2006-2012)

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    This research article studies the factors that are likely to affect the visible part of human resource development (HRD)– the use of HRD activities in the Legislature Sector. It is argued that the active use of HRD activities as such does not indicate the role HRD plays in a Legislature’s business: rather, one has to pay attention to HRD orientation that captures the paradigm of an organization as regards the development of people. In this empirical study of Legislature Sector, several factors related to the organization, strategy, HRD function, and HRD person are identified as meaningful predictors of HRD orientation. Results imply that the outcomes of HRD are also dependent on factors outside the traditional authority of HRD function. The model that is formed based on the results helps those involved in HRD to understand the inherent linkages and holistic nature of people development in organizations

    Capturing in-situ Feelings and Experiences of Public Transit Riders Using Smartphones

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    High-density urban environments are susceptible to ever-growing traffic congestion issues, which speaks to the importance of implementing and maintaining effective and sustainable transportation networks. While transit oriented developments offer the potential to help mitigate traffic congestion issues, transit networks ought to be safe and reliable for ideal transit-user communities. As such, it is imperative to capture meaningful data regarding transit experiences, and deduce how transit networks can be enhanced or modified to continually maintain ideal transit experiences. Historically speaking, it has been relatively tricky to measure how people feel whilst using public transportation, without leaning on recall memory to explain such phenomena. Recall memory can be vague and is often less detailed than recording in-situ observations of the transit-user community. This thesis explores the feasibility of using smartphones to capture meaningful in-situ data to leverage the benefits of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), while also addressing some limitations. Students travelled along Grand River Transit bus routes in Waterloo, Ontario from Wilfrid Laurier University to Conestoga Mall and back using alternate routes. The mobile survey captured qualitative and quantitative data from 145 students to explore variations in wellbeing, and the extent to which environmental variables can influence transit experiences. There were many findings to consider for future research, especially the overall role anxiety played on transit experiences. In addition, the results indicate that the methodology is appropriate for further research, and can be applied to a wide range of research topics. In particular, it is recommended that a similar study be applied to a much larger, and more representative sample of the transit-user community. Future considerations are discussed as key considerations to leverage the benefits of ESM research, and the promise it can bring towards the enhancement of transit experiences and the cohesion of transit-user communities

    Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices for Risk Education: how to implement KAP surveys

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    The KAP is a representative survey conducted on a particular population to identify the knowledge (K), attitudes (A) and practices (P) of a population on a specific topic – landmines and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) in our case. In the majority of KAP studies, data are gathered orally by an interviewer who uses a structured, standardised questionnaire. These data can then be quantitatively or qualitatively analysed according to the objectives and the ins and outs of the survey. A KAP survey can be specially designed to collect information on the issue of, but it is also possible to include general questions on practices and beliefs

    Use of economic evidence in the design of Health Improvement Programmes (HImPs)

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    Introduction 1. In recent years considerable efforts have been made to increase the evidence base for decision making within the NHS. Under the NHS R&D Programme a sizeable percentage of NHS resources have been spent on research, one of the largest programmes of research being in the field of health technology assessment. 2. However, whilst the generation of more research evidence is important, mechanisms still need to be developed to increase its use in NHS decision making. The NHS White Paper of 1997 (paragraph 7.5) pointed out that “there are unjustifiable variations in the application of evidence on clinical and cost-effectiveness”. 3. The concept of the Health Improvement Programme (HImP) was first introduced in “The New NHS. Modern: Dependable” (NHS Executive, 1997). This white paper gave the lead responsibility to health authorities to provide a framework for health and social care provision through multi-agency partnership and in collaboration with the public. One of the main aims of the HImP is to produce action plans based on evidence to address local and national priorities. HImPs cover a three year long cycle and are revised annually. The second phase HImPs ran from April 2000 to April 2003 and these are the focus of this project. 4. To date, a small number of reviews of HImPs have been conducted (Abbott et al, 2000, Arora et at 1999 & 2000, Carruthers et al, 1999) but there has been limited exploration of the role of evidence in relation to the HImP, and no specific effort has been made to examine whether the HImP has proved to be a useful vehicle in arranging provision of care to improve the health of the population, given resource constraints. This report explores the evidence base of these second phase HImPs with particular reference to the contribution of economic evidence. Methods 5. In order to examine the use of evidence in the design of HImPs, a threestage project was undertaken. First, a survey of all English health authorities was conducted to elicit HImP leaders’ views on the use of evidence in the design of their own HImP. Second, 10 individuals involved in the HImP and who worked for different health authorities were interviewed to explore their views on the HImP, the role of evidence and the impact of the HImP. Third, a random sample of 25% of all 2000-2003 HImP documents from the health authorities in England were reviewed in order to investigate whether the health care priorities chosen reflect government objectives and whether there was any evidence of the use of economic evidence in the production of the HImP documents. Findings 6. The main findings were that, first, HImPs are seen as having multiple objectives. Whereas the improvement of health is viewed as the prime objective, other important objectives are to reduce health inequalities and to develop partnerships. 7. Second, the notion of evidence is interpreted broadly. Namely, data drawn from classical research studies and published in the literature, do not encompass the range of inputs to the design of a HImP. Many of the inputs relate to national guidance and local professional opinion, which in turn might be based on data from research studies. 8. Third, basic concepts of economics are well understood, if not always applied. This is partly because the level of access to economic analyses and economics expertise was low. Even where economic studies did exist, it was not clear how they could be interpreted and used. 9. Fourth, local constraints greatly influence the development of HImPs. These constraints include time limitations, lack of certain expertise and the need for political acceptability. These often restricted the extent of the search for, interpretation and use of economic evidence. 10. Finally, most importantly, national guidance from National Service Frameworks (NSFs) and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) s very influential in the design of HImPs. Given the constraints at the local level, national guidance was assumed to have a sound evidence base and was usually followed, although sometimes adapted in the light of local circumstances. Therefore, the use of national guidance may be the best route to improving the evidence base of HImPs. Research and policy implications 11. The results of this research lend considerable support to a number of research and policy implications, many of which are already underway. The ain implications are: (i) the evidence base of national guidance should be maintained, if not strengthened; (ii) efforts should continue to generate, synthesise and disseminate evidence on a national level; (iii) quantifiable targets (for health improvement) and the role for evidence in priority setting need to be stressed; (iv) the local role in assembling evidence needs to be clearly defined and adequately resourced; (v) efforts to educate health care professionals in evidence-based medicine and economics should be maintained, or strengthened; (vi) more research should be undertaken into the cost-effectiveness of broader socio-economic interventions to improve health. 12. Finally, the research and policy implications of this study also need to be reviewed in the light of the recently announced organisational changes in the NHS, especially the creation of strategic health authorities and the developing role of PCGs/Ts. In particular, it will be important to ensure that PCGs/Ts have the resources and expertise to gather, synthesise and interpret evidence, including economic evidence. Introduction In recent years considerable efforts have been made to increase the evidence base for decision making within the NHS. Under the NHS R&D Programme a sizeable percentage of NHS resources have been spent on research, one of the largest programmes of research being in the field of health technology assessment. In addition, institutions such as the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, the Cochrane Collaboration and the National Coordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment have greatly contributed to the communication of research findings to the NHS. The NHS white paper of 1997 (para 7.5) pointed out that “there are unjustifiable variations in the application of evidence on clinical and cost-effectiveness” (NHS Executive, 1997). This view is echoed by several surveys of NHS decision-makers (Crump et al, 2000, Drummond et al, 1997; Duthie et al, 1999) which showed a generally low uptake of available economic evidence and dentified a number of barriers to its use. At the national level, the advent of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) (DH, 1999) provides a vehicle by which clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence can be used in decisions about the use of health care interventions, either through technology appraisal or clinical guidelines development. However, at the local level, within the NHS, it is less clear how appropriate evidence (in particular economic evidence) can be brought to bear on NHS decisions. Under the existing structure, many of the decisions about the use of health care interventions will increasingly be taken by Primary Care Groups (PCGs) and rimary Care Trusts (PCTs). However, most of these will be too small to have a capacity to collect, assimilate and apply evidence. The health authorities’ main mechanism for coordinating health care provision, in partnership with PCGs/PCTs, NHS Trusts and other agencies is the Health Improvement Programme (HImP). Therefore, the objective of the research was to study HImPs in order to investigate the extent to which evidence, in particular economic evidence, had been used in their development.HImP

    Validation and Perceptions of an Advance organizer on Main Elements of Research: Philosophical Assumptions, Paradigms, and Praxis

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    Novice researchers lack an understanding of philosophical assumptions, paradigms, and praxis (3Ps) and their relationships with each other in research. As a result, the lack of understanding and application of the 3Ps components by novice researchers undermines confidence in the rigor and trustworthiness of their research. This study focused on filling this gap by providing a learning tool (Advance Organizer – AO) that contributes to developing knowledge of 3Ps in novice researchers. To achieve this, a two phased study was conducted. The first phase used a Delphi technique to collect data of the design of the AO in three rounds with instructional design experts, while the second phase, used semi-structured interviews with novice researchers to conduct a user test of the AO.Phase 1 produced evidence from instructional design experts that the principles of multimedia learning (i.e., coherence, signaling, spatial contiguity, segmenting, pre-training, modality, multimedia, personalization) have been used to a great extent in 3Ps AO. This reduced the external cognitive load, the management of the intrinsic cognitive load, and an increase in the germane cognitive load. Instructional design experts have also voiced their opinion of the 3Ps AO as a helpful learning tool for novice researchers. The results of phase 2 revealed that novice researchers, with either lower or higher experiences in research, faced challenges in understanding the 3Ps of the research. They described these components interchangeably and in unstructured ways, sometimes incorrectly. After reviewing the 3Ps learning tool, novices showed positive impressions and results during final conversations about the 3Ps. In short, instructional design experts and novice researchers alike expressed that the 3Ps AO is a helpful learning
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