248 research outputs found
Dialogue and the machine: an interactional perspective on computer dialogue models, mediation and artifacts
The topic of this thesis is the notion of dialogue and how machines have not only influenced
the development of our understanding of this fundamental human social activity but also the
possibilities for engaging in mediated dialogue. In particular, the concern is with its adoption
and distortion from a computational point of view. An interactional perspective is developed
that provides insight into the problems and limitations of computer dialogue models, motivates
the investigation of the achievement of dialogue mediated 'through' machines, and informs
the conception and design of computer systems (or artifacts) that support the metaphor of
dialogue 'with' machines.
To motivate a reconstruction of the notion of dialogue and a different understanding of the
status of machines in terms of action, a critical analysis of computer models of dialogue,
concerning theory, data and implementation, is given. In general, computer models lack a
consideration of interaction as a constitutive domain, assume the interchange model of
dialogue, promote a sanitised view of data, and are a poor foundation for the design of
machines that are to engage in dialogue-like behaviour with a user. An alternative
interactional perspective is derived from hermeneutics and ethnomethodology in which it is
argued that the machine is an intelligible - not intelligent - artifact, and communicative activity
is circumstantial, situated and interactively constituted. Instead of reifying dialogue as the
repeated exchange of discrete messages between isolated cognitive processors (the
interchange model), dialogue is understood here to be the collection of practices in which
parties are mutually engaged in coordinating communicative actions and achieving shared
understanding out of the materials at hand. The empirical methodology of the thesis comes
from conversation analysis and forms the basis for the investigation of the achievement of
dialogue 'through' machines.
A detailed audio-visual study of a particular computer-mediated communication modality is
presented. Parties engaged in cooperatively constructing mutual orientation in dialogue (in
a virtual dialogue space) were recorded and features of their conduct were rendered for
analysis with the aid of a notation system specially developed for this study. The findings
are that the computer-mediated dialogue activity is a skilled, interactive accomplishment in
which dialogic presence, monitoring and participation are contingently created and
maintained. An emergent transformation of the dialogue activity demonstrates the situated
work of constructing participation, a process that is shaped by the dynamics of that activity.
A brief study of copresent collaboration documents two further features: the embodiment of
actions and their complementarity. The consequences of the interactional perspective and
the empirical study for computer models and dialogue 'with' machines are discussed.
Suggestions are also made about an alternative use of computer modelling for dialogue
'between' machines, and about the future of dialogue mediation and artifacts
The collaborative construction of the stand-by mode of interpreting in police interviews with suspects
Interpreting is primarily conceptualized as a form of linguistic assistance between two
monolingual speakers even though many of those requiring interpreting services in public
service settings have some knowledge of the language of the institution (Angermeyer
2015). A limited knowledge of the host language may be considered sufficient to
communicate without assistance, insufficient and/or inadequate, or otherwise
acknowledged and be combined with the on-and-off assistance of an interpreter. This is
the so-called ‘stand-by mode’ of interpreting (Angermeyer 2008, p.390). The case study
presented in this thesis explores interactional dynamics and participation patterns in two
authentic video-recorded police interviews conducted in English with two Spanish speaking suspects and a professional interpreter, in which the stand-by mode of
interpreting was used.
Drawing on Conversation Analysis, Interactional Sociolinguistics and on a multimodal
approach to the analysis, this thesis looks at the unique footprint of the stand-by mode of
interpreting as enacted in the way the interaction is organized, the patterns of use, nonuse and initiation of interpreter-mediated sequences, the contextual conditions
surrounding interpreted sequences, and the functions and demands of interpreting in the
stand-by mode as a regime that is used selectively and locally. This thesis contributes to
conceptualizing a new interpreting mode within the Dialogue Interpreting paradigm
which is likely to become more and more relevant in today’s multilingual societies,
problematizes its risks in police interviews, and highlights its potential
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Blind children's understanding of vision
This thesis explores the effects of congenital blindness upon the development of understanding of vision, and draws on the theoretical frameworks of understanding of aspectuality and visual perspective-taking. Six studies investigated how blind children demonstrated their understanding of vision. Where appropriate, their performance was compared to a control group of sighted children. The views of parents and educators of congenitally blind children were sought in order to gain insight into social influences upon the development of blind children’s understanding of vision. Sixteen congenitally blind children aged from 3;6 to 14;8, 168 typically developing sighted children aged from 3;6 to 14;8 and 58 sighted adults took part in the studies. There were three main findings. First, the associative stage in understanding of the aspectuality of knowledge for blind children may be manifest in the relationship between touching and knowing. Second, when utilising a more naturalistic setting than has commonly been used, blind children aged between three and 11 years were able to hide successfully, raising questions about the position that Level 1 perspective-taking is not present in blind children until the age of at least six or seven years, and possibly not until ten years. Third, blind participants demonstrated an understanding of mind earlier than has been found in other studies, suggesting that the development of theory of mind in congenitally blind children may not be as delayed as was previously thought. Several educational issues were raised, including the manner in which blind children are taught about vision, and their placement in ability-groups in mainstream classrooms
Visual Neuroscience of Robotic Grasping
Supporting Informatio
Seeing the City Digitally
This book explores what's happening to ways of seeing urban spaces in the contemporary moment, when so many of the technologies through which cities are visualised are digital. Cities have always been pictured, in many media and for many different purposes. This edited collection explores how that picturing is changing in an era of digital visual culture. Analogue visual technologies like film cameras were understood as creating some sort of a trace of the real city. Digital visual technologies, in contrast, harvest and process digital data to create images that are constantly refreshed, modified and circulated. Each of the chapters in this volume examines a different example of this processual visuality is reconfiguring the spatial and temporal organisation of urban life
Human Computer Interaction and Emerging Technologies
The INTERACT Conferences are an important platform for researchers and practitioners in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) to showcase their work. They are organised biennially by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Technical Committee on Human–Computer Interaction (IFIP TC13), an international committee of 30 member national societies and nine Working Groups. INTERACT is truly international in its spirit and has attracted researchers from several countries and cultures. With an emphasis on inclusiveness, it works to lower the barriers that prevent people in developing countries from participating in conferences. As a multidisciplinary field, HCI requires interaction and discussion among diverse people with different interests and backgrounds. The 17th IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT 2019) took place during 2-6 September 2019 in Paphos, Cyprus. The conference was held at the Coral Beach Hotel Resort, and was co-sponsored by the Cyprus University of Technology and Tallinn University, in cooperation with ACM and ACM SIGCHI. This volume contains the Adjunct Proceedings to the 17th INTERACT Conference, comprising a series of selected papers from workshops, the Student Design Consortium and the Doctoral Consortium. The volume follows the INTERACT conference tradition of submitting adjunct papers after the main publication deadline, to be published by a University Press with a connection to the conference itself. In this case, both the Adjunct Proceedings Chair of the conference, Dr Usashi Chatterjee, and the lead Editor of this volume, Dr Fernando Loizides, work at Cardiff University which is the home of Cardiff University Press
Osteopathic clinical reasoning: an ethnographic study of perceptual diagnostic judgments, metacognition, and reflective practice
A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Professional DoctorateThis thesis explores the use of reflective practice in osteopathic medicine and uses the
method to narrate my work as an osteopathic practitioner. It explores the development of
perceptual diagnostic judgments, and the role of metacognition, intuition and palpation in
osteopathic clinical reasoning.
A qualitative interpretive approach was used with a novel narrative method as an
organising structure. This was broadly based around reflective practice models of Gibbs,
(1988), Kolb, (1984) and Carper (1978) and the ideas of Schön (1983). Descriptive texts
were constructed from notes taken of my thoughts whilst in the presence of patients. This
allowed access, as closely as possible, to my decision making process. Finally, the
descriptive texts were expanded into narratives through dialogue with the existing
literature and peer review. The narratives were then analysed using thematic analysis to
derive an understanding of concepts arising from the data.
This thesis argues that osteopathic clinical reasoning involves multisensory perceptual
diagnostic judgments that begin as soon as the patient enters the clinic, and arise as a
result of the use of mental and visual imagery and embodied senses. The multisensory
information that is detected by a practitioner activates pattern recognition, analytic
reasoning and provides explicit feedback used in decision making. Diagnosis occurs as a result of piecing together and interpreting the multisensory information whilst maintaining
awareness of other diagnostic possibilities.
The findings also suggest that osteopathic clinical reasoning involves the supervision of
cognition by the metacognitive processes of meta-knowledge (MK), meta-experiences
(ME), and meta-skills (MS). The latter are used to plan, monitor, analyse, predict,
evaluate and revise the consultation and patient management as suggested by Pesut and
Herman (1992). ME is demonstrated by the presence of judgments of learning used to
ensure sufficient information has been gathered, and feelings of rightness that are used
to perceive the correctness of information arriving and decisions made.
The use of reflective practice in this research has developed the understanding of
osteopathic clinical reasoning, and demonstrated that it provides a powerful conduit for
change in practice. As a result, it enables the provision of better patient-centred
osteopathic healthcare incorporating the biopsychosocial model of healthcare. Although rooted in my own osteopathic practice style and strategies, it should have resonance for
those within the discipline of osteopathy and has implications for osteopathic education,
training and research
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