1,320 research outputs found

    Aggression in cyberspace and self-defence

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    Cyber attack is a new phenomenon that can change the classical warfare techniques carried out by state and non-state actors. The unique nature of this extremely destructive threat and attacks through cyberspace have the power to damage, kill and physically destroy. Traditional definitions of the use of force have therefore changed. The real question is whether a cyber attack is the use of force equal to an armed attack in terms of international law, or is it basically a prohibition of interference in the internal affairs of countries. In other words, based on Article 2(4) of the United Nations Convention, an answer is sought to the question of whether cyber attack can be considered as the use of armed force. On the other hand, in the case of a large-scale cyber-attack that causes human casualties or property damage or to basic infrastructure comparable to an armed attack with only conventional weapons, does the victim state have the right to defend itself against the cyber-attack? It also gives the armed forces the right to respond with conventional weapons. This study details the question of when a cyberattack constitutes an armed attack according to Article 51 of the UN Charter and allows a state to take kinetic measures alongside active cyber defense measures. Then, the rules prohibiting the use of force in international law will be discussed and whether there is a right of self-defense against cyber attacks will be examined within the framework of current international law, and suggestions will be made regarding cyber attack and kinetic defense policy options for states

    Cybervandalism or Digital Act of War? America\u27s Muddled Approach to Cyber Incidents Will Not Deter More Crises

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    If experts say a malicious [cyber] code \u27 has similar effects to a physical bomb, \u27 and that code actually causes a stunning breach of global internet stability, is it really accurate to call that event merely an instance of a cyber attack ? Moreover, can you really expect to deter state and non-state actors from employing such code and similarly hostile cyber methodologies if all they think that they are risking is being labeled as a cyber-vandal subject only to law enforcement measures? Or might they act differently if it were made clear to them that such activity is considered an armed attack \u27 against the United States and that they are in jeopardy of being on the receiving end of a forceful, law-of-war response by the most powerful military on the planet? Of course, if something really is just vandalism, the law enforcement paradigm, with its very limited response options, would suffice. But when malevolent cyber activity endangers the reliability of the internet in a world heavily dependent on a secure cyberspace, it is not merely vandalism. Rather, it is a national and international security threat that ought to be characterized and treated as such. Unfortunately, the United States\u27 current approach is too inscrutable and even contradictory to send an effective deterrence message to potential cyber actors. This needs to change

    Meeting the Challenge of Cyberterrorism: Defining the Military Role in a Democracy

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    Denna forskningskonsumtion strÀvar efter att utifrÄn tvÄ frÄgestÀllningar undersöka dels var det deliberativa samtalets möjligheter och begrÀnsningar ligger, dels undersöka hur det deliberativa samtalet pÄverkar lÀrarrollen i klassrummet. Detta sker genom en systematisk litteraturstudie som behandlar ett urval av relevanta svenska författare och Àven ett par internationella engelsksprÄkiga författare. Det deliberativa samtalet Àr en kommunikativ metod dÀr samförstÄelse, konsensus och demokrati stÄr i fokus. Tomas Englund, en av de mest uppmÀrksammade föresprÄkare av metoden beskriver det deliberativa samtalet med en rad punkter. Dessa punkter beskriver samtalet som att det ska ge olika argument utrymme, samtalet ska vara tolerant, samtalet ska ha inslag av kollektiv viljebildning, traditionella uppfattningar ska ifrÄgastÀllas och samtalet ska helst utesluta lÀrarledning. Det deliberativa samtalet har av bl.a. Skolverket lyfts fram som en  metod som ska gynna vÀrdegrundsarbetet i skolan. Runt millenieskiftet hade det deliberativa samtalet samt vÀrdegrundsarbetet fÄtt en allt mer central del i skolan dÀr Tomas Englund var en av de mest framtrÀdande föresprÄkarna av metoden. Ytterligare styrkor i samtalet kunde Àven förstÄs som dess potential i att kunna implementeras i andra kommunikativa situationer inom flertalet Àmnen. Trots att föresprÄkarna av det deliberativa samtalet kan lyfta mÄnga styrkor hos metoden finns fortfarande flera invÀndningar. De frÀmsta styrkorna som lyfts ur det deliberativa samtalet Àr vÀrdegrundsarbetet och samtalets tillÀmpningsbarhet, men de mer kritiska författarna vill gÀrna uppmÀrksamma hur det tÀmligen strukturerade samtalet kan pÄverka klassrummet och dess dynamik mellan lÀrare och elever. Hur ska exempelvis lÀraren förena sin position som betygsÀttande maktfigur med att hÄlla samtalet sÄ öppet och tolererande som möjligt, oavsett Äsikter som tas upp? Hur ska retoriska fÀrdigheter hos eleverna behandlas nÀr samtalet ska vara öppet och inkluderande? Forskningskonsumtionen lyfter Àven hur sociala och kulturella faktorer spelar in pÄ elevers förmÄga att deltaga i samtalet och lyfter genom författarna fram en diskussion om samtalets lÀmplighet i klassrummet, frÀmst genom dess deltagare som utgÄngspunkt. Slutsatsen hÀrleds till att lÀmpligheten hos det deliberativa samtalet i klassrummet kan kondenseras ned till frÄgan om förutsÀttningarna i klassrummet. Det deliberativa samtalet Àr ingen universallösning för vÀrdegrundsarbete, men har samtidigt en rad andra styrkor som Àr vÀrda att lyfta fram. Författarna saknar Àven en enhÀllig lösning över vilken roll lÀraren ska ha i samtalet och saknar Àven en riktig diskussion om hur det deliberativa samtalet ska behandla konflikter nÀr samtalet drivs till sin spets

    Cyberattack! Are We at War?

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    The Battlefield of Tomorrow, Today: Can a Cyberattack Ever Rise to an “Act of War?”

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    In a sense, war has not changed. The end results will always remain the same: death and destruction; even if that destruction is not fully tangible. The results may be instantaneous, or they may be delayed. It is only the means implemented to achieve these destructive ends that evolve. Cyberwarfare is a product of that evolution. Most importantly, we must always remain abreast of evolution and the changes in warfare in order to effectively and efficiently respond to new attacks, and to prevent them as well. This Note sheds light on recent evolution in warfare. It enlightens the reader of the history and science behind cyberattacks through recent incidents involving cyber; argues that cyberattacks can constitute an act of war in international law by triggering the right to self-defense; proposes a tiered analysis in order to effectively, proportionally, and legally respond to attacks in cyberspace; and recommends that the international and national community take the necessary measures to implement this suggestion in order to prepare for the inevitable: a devastating cyberattack
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