The BG News September 30, 1976

The BGSU campus student newspaper September 30, 1976. Volume 61 - Issue 7https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news/4274/thumbnail.jp

Better Growth Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report - The Global Report

The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate was set up to examine whether it is possible to achieve lasting economic growth while also tackling the risks of climate change.Its report seeks to inform economic decision-makers in both public and private sectors, many of whom recognise the serious risks caused by climate change, but also need to tackle more immediate concerns such as jobs, competitiveness and poverty. The report brings together evidence and analysis, learning from the practical experience of countries, cities and businesses across the world

BioVault : a protocol to prevent replay in biometric systems

D.Com. (Informatics)Please refer to full text to view abstrac

The X Tax in the World Economy

This paper explores how the tax design called the X tax could alleviate the complexities and avoidance opportunities plaguing the existing U.S. system for taxing international business income. In addition to laying out the general efficiency, equity and administrative characteristics of an X tax, the paper considers, in particular, the fundamental choice between two treatments of transborder business transactions – the origin and destination principles. The destination-principle approach sidesteps the need to identify arm’s length terms of transborder transactions between related business entities – the transfer-pricing problem. This problem remains in the origin-principle approach, which, however, presents fewer challenges of monitoring the flow of goods and services across borders, obviates what I call the “tourism problem” whereby people can reduce their taxes by consuming in a low-tax jurisdiction and, arguably most important, avoids transition effects associated with introduction of the tax and subsequent tax rate changes that occur in the destination approach. To obtain the advantages without the principal disadvantage, I suggest special rules for transborder transactions between related parties that would eliminate the transfer-pricing problem in an origin-based system.

International Lighting in Controlled Environments Workshop

Lighting is a central and critical aspect of control in environmental research for plant research and is gaining recognition as a significant factor to control carefully for animal and human research. Thus this workshop was convened to reevaluate the technology that is available today and to work toward developing guidelines for the most effective use of lighting in controlled environments with emphasis on lighting for plants but also to initiate interest in the development of improved guidelines for human and animal research

Instrumented Nanoindentation Studies Of Deformation In Shape Memory Alloys

Near equi-atomic nickel titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a class of materials characterized by their unique deformation behavior. In these alloys, deformation mechanisms such as mechanical twinning and stress induced phase transformation between a high symmetry phase (austenite) and a low symmetry phase (martensite) additionally occur and influence mechanical behavior and thus their functionality. Consequently, applications of SMAs usually call for precise phase transformation temperatures, which depend on the thermomechanical history and the composition of the alloy. Instrumented indentation, inherently a mechanical characterization technique for small sampling volumes, offers a cost effective means of empirically testing SMAs in the form of centimeter scaled buttons prior to large-scale production. Additionally, it is an effective probe for intricate SMA geometries (e.g., in medical stents, valves etc.), not immediately amenable to conventional mechanical testing. The objective of this work was to study the deformation behavior of NiTi SMAs using instrumented indentation. This involved devising compliance calibration techniques to account for instrument deformation and designing spherical diamond indenters. Substantial quantitative information related to the deformation behavior of the shape memory and superelastic NiTi was obtained for the first time, as opposed to existing qualitative indentation studies. For the case of shape memory NiTi, the elastic modulus of the B19\u27 martensite prior to twinning was determined using spherical indentation to be about 101 GPa, which was comparable to the value from neutron diffraction and was substantially higher than typical values reported from extensometry (68 GPa in this case). Twinning at low stresses was observed from neutron diffraction measurements and was attributed to reducing the elastic modulus estimated by extensometry. The onset of predominantly elastic deformation of the twinned martensite was identified from the nanoindentation response and the elastic modulus of the twinned martensite was estimated to be about 17 GPa. Finite element modeling was used to validate the measurements. For the case of the superelastic NiTi, the elastic modulus of the parent austenite was estimated to be about 62 GPa. The onset of large-scale stress induced martensite transformation and its subsequent elastic deformation were identified from the nanoindentation response. The effect of cycling on the mechanical behavior of the NiTi specimen was studied by repeatedly indenting at the same location. An increase in the elastic modulus value for the austenite and a decrease in the associated hysteresis and residual depth after the initial few cycles followed by stabilization were observed. As for the case of shape memory NiTi, finite element modeling was used to validate the measurements. This work has initiated a methodology for the quantitative evaluation of shape memory and superelastic NiTi alloys with instrumented spherical indentation. The aforementioned results have immediate implications for optimizing thermomechanical processing parameters in prototype button melts and for the mechanical characterization of intricate SMA geometries (e.g., in medical stents, valves etc.) This work was made possible by grants from NASA (NAG3-2751) and NSF (CAREER DMR-0239512) to UCF

10th Biennial Midwest/Midsouth Securities Law Conference

Materials from the UK/CLE 10th Biennial Midwest/Midsouth Securities Law Conference held in February 2000

Regulating under constraint: the case of EU pharmaceutical policy

This study is concerned with the making of regulatory policy for pharmaceuticals in the European Union. It proposes that an ad hoc development of Community competencies which does not amount to coherent strategy, far less a single medicines market, has resulted in a regulatory framework which favours the interests of industry. This is important on two fronts. First, it appears to run counter to contemporary research into EU regulation, which finds that consumer interests prevail over those of producers generally. Second, this pro-industry leaning seems not to be in keeping with member states' regulatory frameworks at home, which developed primarily as a means of protecting consumers' health (patients) following the Thalidomide tragedy. In providing support for this contention, rather than adopting an economic frame of analysis to assess - quantitatively - how the industry benefits, the study instead proposes a political perspective to understand how policy decisions have been taken. Specifically, the study examines how supranational policy for pharmaceuticals is made with the context of a clash between the European Community's free movement of goods principles and, via the principle of subsidiarity, the right of the member states to decide their national healthcare priorities. The agenda and roles of the European Commission, the member states, consumer interests, and the industry as the sector's four primary stakeholders are scrutinised within this context. The analysis concentrates on policy level interactions, examining how the political considerations at stake over medicines have affected policy outcomes in specific instances. It is shown that the incomplete development of competencies is not just a result of the policy clash, but also because different policy impetuses (and stakeholders) have spurred different aspects of the framework. This involves the development of a multi-faceted theoretical lens in order to capture the complexities of making pharmaceutical policy at EU level. This lens is based on the understanding that EU pharmaceutical policy is made within policy networks consisting of the four stakeholders. To gain a better grasp of the dynamics at play, these networks are tied to a regulatory policy-making framework known as the 'politics of policy'. It is a view which identifies different modes of regulatory politicking on the basis of the perceived costs and benefits the proposed intervention would bring to affected interests. Linked with wider European integration and policy-making theories, including neo-functionalism, intergovernmentalism and multi-level governance, this allows for a more complete perspective on how policy is made for the sector. Via its broader approach, therefore, the study provides insight into the complexities of making supranational policy for medicines, especially with regard to the need to balance conflicting interests within the harmonisation process

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution for the year ending June 30, 1891

Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. [3002] Research concerned with the American Indian