Racine, a creative artist: a study of his women characters as contrasted with their Biblical and classical prototypes

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1917. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Generalized parton distributions of the pion: modeling, evolution and observable implications

Yet the Standard Model of particle physics is so far the most successful theory ever conceived in science, with countless of achievements in the description of Nature; still a number of phenomena remains to be properly understood. A paradigmatic example is confinement. Paving the road towards the understanding of such essential feature thus requires a detailed knowledge of hadrons' inside. The main subject covered in this thesis is precisely the study of hadron structure. Nonetheless this is a really broad field. We thus set sights on an exemplary case: The pions. As mesons, they are potentially simpler to describe that other hadrons like the proton. At the same time, as the pseudo Nambu-Goldstone modes associated to the dynamical breakdown of chiral symmetry, its description is of uttermost relevance for the comprehension of the origin of mass in Nature. We thus address the problem of assessing pions' structure, from first principles up to its observable manifestations. This work is thus divided into two parts: First, the issue of a formal description of hadron's structure is addressed. Relying on the role played by Compton scattering as an essential window into hadrons' inside, we review its formal treatment as understood in the generalized Bjorken limit, leading to the introduction of generalized parton distributions (GPDs). Those parametrize the amplitudes for deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) on hadrons to take place, yielding a unique source of information about the way hadrons are built up from elementary constituents. In the second chapter of this dissertation we review the formal definition and primary properties of generalized parton distributions, together with the main strategies allowing for their evaluation. We identify two essential attributes to be fulfilled: Positivity and polynomiality; a task which, regardless, conventional approaches fail to accomplish. In the third chapter of this thesis we face the problem of obtaining models for pion GPDs which fulfill, by construction, these two features. Following an approach to the description of bound-state systems in quantum field theory based on continuum Schwinger methods, we find the hypothesis of decoupling between longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom at the level of parton dynamics to be associated with the dynamical breakdown of chiral symmetry. On that assumption, a novel family of generalized parton distributions within the DGLAP region is derived and showed to exhibit two striking characteristics: They satisfy the positivity constraints, and are built from the sole knowledge of parton distribution functions. From that point on we exploit the covariant extension strategy, allowing us to find the corresponding ERBL GPDs, such that polynomiality is also fulfilled by construction. Armed with models for pion GPDs that are complete, in the sense that they satisfy every necessary property, the second part of this work thus exploits them in the derivation of their observable manifestations, allowing for a practical assessment of pions' structure as well their benchmarking. To this end, the fourth chapter pursues the necessary evaluation of scale-evolution for GPDs through an effective approach which encompasses some non-perturbative aspects of the procedure. The results hint the crucial role played by gluons in building pions' up, their associated distributions being commensurate with those for quarks. We thus round-off this dissertation by exploiting the evolved models to deliver predictions on event-rates and beam-spin asymmetries as they could be measured at forthcoming electron-ion colliders. The results reveal that indeed DVCS on pions is expected to be measurable at future facilities; and reveals that gluons dominate the response of pions subjected to DVCS, identifying a sign inversion in the beam-spin asymmetries as clear signal for pinning-down the regime for gluon dominance.Pese a la ingente cantidad de resultados derivados del Modelo Estándar de la física de partículas aún existe una gran cantidad de fenómenos que no llegamos a entender completamente. Un ejemplo es el del confinamiento. Un paso esencial para su comprensión es la descripción de la estructura hadrónica. Esta es precisamente la temática de esta tesis, donde se estudia la estructura de piones mediante el formalismo de las distribuciones generalizadas de partones (GPDs, por sus siglas en inglés). Como mesones, los piones deberían ser más sencillos de describir que otros hadrones como el protón. Más aún, debido a su naturaleza dual como estados ligados pero también como bosones Goldstone asociados a la rotura dinámica de simetría quiral, los piones son una pieza fundamental para comprender el origen de la masa en sistemas físicos. Por todo esto esta tesis aborda la descripción de la estructura piónica a primeros principios y evalúa sus manifestaciones en experimentos. El trabajo está dividido en dos partes. Empezando por abordar el problema de la descripción de la estructura hadrónica desde una perspectiva general, el primer capítulo revisa los procesos de scattering Compton en este sentido. Así, la identificación del límite de dispersión profundamente virtual permite la introducción de las GPDs como objectos fundamentales para la descripción de scattering Compton profundamente virtual (DVCS, en inglés). El segundo capítulo se dedica entonces a un análisis detallado de estas, empezando por su definición, propiedades y una discusión detallada sobre toda la información que codifican sobre la estructura hadrónica. En este proceso se encuentra que las llamadas propiedades de "polinomialidad" y "positividad" juegan un papel central en la construcción de modelos de GPDs realistas, y es por tanto satisfacerlas en todo caso. En este sentido es importante destacar que las estrategias convencionales para el cálculo de GPDs no consiguen este objetivo. Con ello, el tercer capítulo de la tesis aborda el problema de construir modelos de GPDs para piones que satisfagan, por construcción, ambas propiedades. Siguiendo una estrategia basada en el método de las ecuaciones de Dyson-Schwinger para la descripción de estados ligados, se encuentra que la hipótesis de desacoplo entre los grados de libertad longitudinales y transversales de la dinámica partónica está íntimamente relacionada con la restauración de la simetría quiral. Explotando dicha hipótesis derivamos una nueva familia de GPDs en la región DGLAP que satisfacen la condición de positividad y para cuya construcción únicamente es necesario el conocimiento de las llamadas funciones de distribución de partones. Partiendo de ese resultado, la estrategia de extensión covariante permite obtener la correspondiente región ERBL, obteniendo por primera vez modelos de GPDs que satisfacen al mismo tiempo y por construcción las condiciones de positividad y polinomialidad. Con el fin de arrojar luz a nuestro entendimiento sobre la estructura de los piones, así como la contrastación de este estudio, la segunda parte del trabajo parte de los mencionados modelos y evalúa sus manifestaciones en los resultados obtenidos en futuros experimentos. Para ello, el capítulo cuatro se encarga de describir la necesaria evolución de GPDs con la escala de renormalización; implementando una estrategia efectiva capaz de abarcar efectos puramente no perturbativos de la interacción fuerte. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto el importante papel del contenido gluónico en la construcción de la estructura de piones. Finalmente, el quinto capítulo describe el cálculo de número de eventos y asimetrías en futuros aceleradores electrón-ion, mostrando que efectivamente estas instalaciones deberían ser capaces de medir DVCS en piones e identificando la inversión en las correspondientes asimetrías como una clara señal experimental capaz de delimitar el régimen en el que los gluones constituyen la parte dominante en la estructura piónica

The Advocate - June 25, 1964

Original title (1951-1987)--The Advocate: official publication of the Archdiocese of Newark (N.J.)

Human factor influences on effective computer aided design implementation.

Computer Aided Design (CAD) has the capability to influence a company's competitiveness in terms of quality, flexibility and cost effectiveness of design. Consequently, the opportunities provided by the efficient and effective use of CAD techniques are vital to a company's operational and business success.The aims of this research have been to; 1 Ascertain and identify the contribution and relevance of human factor and technological issues within a successful CAD implementation methodology. 2. Develop a human factor understanding which, when incorporated into an implementation methodology aids the introduction of CAD technology and increases the likelihood of realising opportunities. The initial research is based on a review of the literature on CAD and a pilot study of six companies employing CAD. This identifies the mix of issues involved during implementation as being, Technical, Organisational and Human. It also highlights the main problems experienced by companies as a function of the levels of Support, Direction and Communication. The above issues have been incorporated into a CAD introduction framework based on quality criteria. The results of this initial stage of the research have been substantiated by in-depth case studies of three companies, in various stages of CAD adoption and "Best Practice" activities have been identified for each area of the framework and related to the overall performance of the companies.To widen the scope of the investigation and provide more evidence, the framework was then employed in the in-depth analysis of six further case studies. These identified CAD support as playing a key role in maximising CAD potential.From this evidence a "Support Framework" has been proposed and validated via the results of a written postal questionnaire distributed to 1000 UK companies. Evidence from the 100 respondents of the postal survey strongly supports the proposition and suggests that companies are experiencing human problems, especially in the area of advanced 3D CAD. The problems are a result of inadequate internal support systems and can be overcome by the methods proposed by this research